Uganda Scheme

A newspaper with a greeting on the occasion of the opening of the sixth Zionist Congress and an illustration of Theodor Herzl on the balcony of the "Hotel Les Trois Rois" in Basel, 1903. The British Uganda Programme, also known as the Uganda Scheme, was a proposal by the British Empire to establish a semi-autonomous Jewish territory in British East Africa. Conceived during the height of European imperial expansion, the plan emerged from Britain's strategic interests in developing the East Africa Protectorate and offsetting the financial burdens of the newly built Uganda Railway. It was promoted to Theodor Herzl by Colonial Secretary Joseph Chamberlain as a potential refuge for Jews fleeing antisemitic violence in Eastern Europe, particularly following the Kishinev pogrom.

The scheme provoked intense debate within the Zionist movement, challenging the primacy of Palestine as the focus of Jewish national aspirations. Although the Sixth Zionist Congress authorized a commission to assess the territory, widespread opposition from both Zionist delegates and white settlers in East Africa ultimately led to the withdrawal of the offer in 1905. The controversy marked a decisive moment in Zionist politics, contributing to the emergence of territorialist ideas, even as the movement reaffirmed its commitment to a Jewish homeland in Palestine.