Arab inventions

thumb|upright=1.3|right|The normal distribution, a very common probability density, is used extensively in [[inferential statistics.]] thumb|upright=1.3|right|Scatter plots and [[line charts are used in descriptive statistics to show the observed relationships between different variables, here using the Iris flower data set.]]

lunar calendar used by Muslims to determine religious observances

alt=|thumb|upright=1.25|The three madrasas at the Registan of [[Samarkand, built during the Timurid Renaissance]]

thumb|right|The Café de Flore on the [[Rive Gauche in Paris is one of the oldest coffeehouses in the city. Its famous clientele included writers and philosophers.]]

right|thumb|One can produce a tar-like substance from corn stalks by heating them in a microwave oven. This process is known as pyrolysis. Tar is a dark brown or black viscous liquid of hydrocarbons and free carbon, obtained from a wide variety of organic materials through destructive distillation. Tar can be produced from carbon-rich materials such as coal, wood, petroleum, peat, and other organic matter.

thumb|start=7|thumbtime=12|Playing a lute made A lute ( or ) is any plucked string instrument with a neck and a deep round back enclosing a hollow cavity, usually with a sound hole or opening in the body. It may be either fretted or unfretted.

thumb|120 px|According to the first meaning of permutation, each of the six rows is a different permutation of three distinct balls|alt=The six different possible ways to order three balls of different colors: (red, green, blue), (red, blue, green), (green, red, blue), (green, blue, red), (blue, red, green), and (blue, green, red). In mathematics, a permutation of a set can mean one of two different things: an arrangement of its members in a sequence or linear order, or the act or process of changing the linear order of an ordered set.

type of turbine device which uses steam from a boiler to rotate the turbine blades

writing implement

The oud ( ; , ) is a Middle Eastern short-neck lute-type, pear-shaped, fretless stringed instrument (a chordophone in the Hornbostel–Sachs classification of instruments), usually with 11 strings grouped in six courses, but some models have five or seven courses, with 10 or 13 strings respectively.

stick-shaped implement with hairs used to play a bowed string musical instrument such as a violin

thumb|340px|Stone relief with arabesques of tendrils, palmettes and half-palmettes in the [[Umayyad Mosque, Damascus, Syria]] thumb|Part of a 15th-century ceramic panel from Samarkand ([[Uzbekistan) with white calligraphy on a blue arabesque background]]The arabesque is a form of artistic decoration consisting of "surface decorations based on rhythmic linear patterns of scrolling and interlacing foliage, tendrils" or plain lines, often combined with other elements. Another definition is "Foliate ornament, used in the Islamic world, typically using leaves, derived from stylised half-palmettes,

thumb|A burkini displayed on a mannequin in a museum at the Science History Institute|Chemical Heritage Foundation A burkini (or burqini; portmanteau of burqa and bikini, though qualifying as neither of these garments) is a style of swimsuit for women. The suit covers the whole body except the face, the hands, and the feet, while being light enough for swimming. This type of swimwear was designed with the intention of creating swimwear for Muslims who observe hijab in this way. The amount of skin covered is about the same as the person wearing a full-body wetsuit and a swimming cap.

transistor that uses an electric field to control its electrical behaviour

clock with special mechanisms and dials to display astronomical information

thumb|upright=1.5|Reconstruction of the appearance of cyclometer, a device used to break the encryption of an early version of the [[Enigma machine. Based on sketches in Marian Rejewski's memoirs.]]

type of steel used in Middle Eastern swordmaking

organization whose primary purpose is research

device or application software that can record, edit, or play back music

alt=Rebab tiga tali|thumb|Rebab tiga tali (three-stringed rebab), Western Malaysia c. 1977. St Cecilia's Hall.

thumb|right|Felucca on the Nile at Luxor

thumb|upright=1.2|Picture of an alembic from a medieval manuscript

serving and drinking customs of Arabic coffee

navigation instrument

Popular sport in parts of Africa, Asia and Australia

study of the frequency of letters or groups of letters in a ciphertext

architectural element

a mill (factory) that produces paper

thumb|200px|An Omani khanjar, 1924

oil produced from oil shale rock fragments

thumb|300px|A mashrabiya in Tunisia

implements logic gates and other digital circuits

Alquerque (also known as al-qirkat from ) is a strategy board game that is thought to have originated in the Middle East. It is considered to be the parent of draughts (US: checkers) and Fanorona and the diagonals of its grid are the predecessor of the checkering of the draughts board.

An ijazah (, "permission", "authorization", "license"; plural: ijazahs or ijazat) is a license authorizing its holder to transmit a certain text or subject, which is issued by someone already possessing such authority. It is particularly associated with transmission of Islamic religious knowledge. The license usually implies that the student has acquired this knowledge from the issuer of the ijaza through first-hand oral instruction, although this requirement came to be relaxed over time. An ijaza providing a chain of authorized transmitters going back to the original author often accompanied

thumb|Staffordshire pottery jug, c. 1815 Lustreware or lusterware (the respective spellings for British English and American English) is a type of pottery or porcelain with a metallic glaze that gives the effect of iridescence. It is produced by metallic oxides in an overglaze finish, which is given a second firing at a lower temperature in a "muffle kiln", or a reduction kiln, excluding oxygen.

Wikimedia history article analyzing the historical development of coffee

thumb|right|Torquetum (1568), made by Johannes Praetorius in Nuremberg thumb|right|Engraving of a Torquetum

integer of the form 3 · 2ⁿ - 1 for non-negative n

p-type MOSFETs to implement logic gates

thumb|A tadelakt-covered wall

celestial navigation device that determines latitude

type of boat

thumb|Baghlah sailing thumb|The ornate stern of a baghlah in Kuwait A baghlah, bagala, bugala or baggala () is a large deep-sea dhow, a traditional Arabic sailing vessel. The name "baghla" means "mule" in the Arabic language.

thumb|Equatorium from Johannes Schöner

process for extracting oil from shale rock

device used for encryption

thumb|Modhif at Neserya thumb|The interior of an Iraqi mudhif A Mudhif ( al-muḍīf) is a traditional reed house made by the Ahwari people (also known as Marsh Arabs) in the swamps of southern Iraq. In the traditional Ahwari way of living, houses are constructed from reeds harvested from the marshes where they live. A mudhif is a large ceremonial house, paid for and maintained by a local sheik, for use by guests or as a gathering place for weddings, funerals, etc.

right|thumb|''Sana'a al-Haneen, performed by Hussain Moheb A qanbūs () is a short-necked lute that originated in Yemen and spread throughout the Arabian Peninsula. Sachs considered that it derived its name from the Turkic komuz, but it is more comparable to the oud. The instrument was related to or a descendant of the barbat, a (possibly) skin-topped lute from Central Asia. The qanbūs has 6 or 7 nylon strings that are plucked with a plectrum to generate sound. Unlike many other lute-family instruments, the gambus'' has no frets. Its popularity declined in Yemen during the early 20th century re

thumb|400px|Chinese porcelain dish (left), 9th century, excavated in [[Iran, and a fritware dish made in Iran (right), 12th century (British Museum)]] thumb|Blue and white bowl with radial design, 13th century, Iran (Brooklyn Museum) thumb|right|Dish with cypress tree decoration, 1570–1575, İznik pottery|İznik ([[Calouste Gulbenkian Museum)]] Fritware, also known as stone-paste, is a type of pottery in which ground glass (frit) is added to clay to reduce its fusion temperature. The mixture may include quartz or other siliceous material. An organic compound such as gum or glue may be added for

use of tea in the Arab world

thumb|A ghanjah at Bombay harbor in 1909 thumb|A ghanjah in dry dock showing the trefoil ornament on the prow A ghanjah or ganja (), is a large wooden trading dhow, a traditional Arabic sailing vessel.

machine used to race camels

medium-sized deep-sea dhow

thumb|Various forms of mabkhara used in Saudi Arabia. A mabkhara ( or ; plural mabakhir), also called mujmarah (مجمرة) is a censer found across the Muslim world. The word is derived from "bakhoor," which is the frankincense burned inside the mabkhara itself. The concept of mabkhara originates from the Arabian Peninsula and has existed since pre-Islamic times, even if not under the same name as now. The Somali version of this concept is known as the dabqaad and the idea may have been brought to Somalia via Arab traders and Muslim immigrants to the place in its early history.

submachine gun

field-effect transistor

device for turning a spit

dielectric layer of a MOSFET separating the source and drain from the gate terminal

small paintings on paper