Aristotelian philosophers

Aristotle (; 384–322 BC) was an ancient Greek philosopher and polymath. His writings cover a broad range of subjects spanning the natural sciences, philosophy, linguistics, economics, politics, psychology, and the arts. As the founder of the Peripatetic school of philosophy in the Lyceum in Athens, he began the wider Aristotelian tradition that followed, which set the groundwork for the development of modern science.

Italian Dominican friar, philosopher, Catholic priest, and Doctor of the Church (1225–1274)

Ibn Sina ( – 22 June 1037), commonly known in the West as Avicenna ( ), was a preeminent philosopher and physician of the Muslim world. He was a seminal figure of the Islamic Golden Age, serving in the courts of various Iranian rulers, and was influential to medieval European medical and Scholastic thought.

Ibn Rushd (14 April 112611 December 1198), Latinized as Averroes, was an Andalusian polymath and jurist who was proficient in a variety of intellectual fields, including philosophy, theology, medicine, astronomy, physics, psychology, mathematics, neurology, Islamic jurisprudence and law, and linguistics. The author of more than 100 books and treatises, his philosophical works include numerous commentaries on Aristotle, for which he was known in the Western world as "The Commentator" and "Father of Rationalism".

Austrian-British philosopher of science and social and política e falsificationism and for criticism of Plato, Hegel and Marx as totalitarian opponents of open society (1902-1994)

Russian-born American writer and public philosopher (1905–1982)

Moses ben Maimon (died 12 December 1204), commonly known as Maimonides and also referred to by the Hebrew acronym Rambam, was a Sephardic Jewish rabbi who is widely acknowledged as one of the most prolific and influential Torah scholars of the Middle Ages. Originally from Córdoba, where he was born on Passover Eve of 1135 or 1138, his family was exiled from Muslim-ruled Spain when they refused to convert to Islam shortly after the Almohad Caliphate conquered the Almoravid dynasty in 1148. Over the course of the next two decades, Maimonides resided in Fez, Acre, Jerusalem, Alexandria, and Cairo

German-Dominican friar and saint (c. 1200–1280)

Abū Yūsuf Yaʻqūb ibn ʼIsḥāq aṣ-Ṣabbāḥ al-Kindī (; ; ; ) was an Arab polymath who was active as a philosopher, mathematician, physician, and music theorist. Al-Kindi was the first of the Islamic peripatetic philosophers, and is hailed as the "father of Arab philosophy".

Scottish Franciscan friar and philosopher (c. 1265/66–1308)

English cleric and cardinal (1801–1890)

French philosopher and sociologist

German philosopher and psychologist as well as refounder of the theory of intentionality (1838–1917)

American philosopher (born 1947)

British philosopher

American philosopher, author and educator (1902–2001)

Scottish-American philosopher (1929–2025)

English philosopher (1920–2010)

Belgian philosopher, c. 1240–1284

Australian-born British philosopher (1859-1938)

British moral philosopher (1919–2002)

German-born British philosopher

German philosopher, philologist, Prussian university professor (1802-1872)

French theologian (1877-1964)

English philosopher (1848–1923)

French academic (1813–1900)

12th century Iraqi Islamic philosopher, physicist and physician

English courtier and diplomat (1603–1665)

Catholic cardinal (1607-1667)

Dutch philosopher

Italian philosopher (1533-1589)

Italian academic and philosopher (1550–1631)

Greek scholar in Venice

American philosopher and logician

philosopher from United States of America

German philosopher (1903-1974)

Arab Christian philosopher (c.870–940)

British scholar of ancient philosophy (1939–2019)

Spanish philosopher, jesuit, theologian

New Zealand philosopher

Arab Christian philosopher (893–974)

Italian abbot, writer and philosopher

American dancer, philosopher, poet, writer (1874-1966)

English philosopher and ethicist (1900–1990)

Syriac philosopher and physician (943–1008)

Romanian sociologist (1882-1947)

Italian philosopher

Italian philosopher

American philosopher (1900–1985)

British philosopher

Levantine-Safavid Iranian Islamic philosopher