Atomic physics

thumb|upright=1.6|The class of Bosons is one of the two fundamental classes of subatomic particle, the other being [[fermions. All subatomic particles must be one or the other. A composite particle (hadron) may fall into either class depending on its composition.]]

field of physics studying atoms

atomic model introduced by Niels Bohr in 1913

mode of arrangement of electrons in different shells of an atom

alt=The solar wind moving through the magnetosphere alters the movements of charged particles in the Earth's thermosphere or exosphere, and the resulting ionization of these particles causes them to emit light of varying colour, thus forming auroras near the polar regions.|thumb|201x201px|The solar wind moving through the [[magnetosphere alters the movements of charged particles in the Earth's thermosphere or exosphere, and the resulting ionization of these particles causes them to emit light of varying color, thus forming auroras near the polar regions.]] Ionization or ionisation is the proce

minimum amount of energy required to remove an electron from an atom or molecule in the gaseous state

mathematical function describing the location and behavior of an electron within an atom

principal energy levels in atomic physics

history of scientific theory that views matter as made up of atoms of chemical elements

frequencies of light emitted by atoms or chemical compounds

thumb|A wine glass in an [[LCD projector's light beam makes the beam scatter.]] In physics, scattering is a wide range of physical processes where moving particles or radiation of some form, such as light or sound, are forced to deviate from a straight trajectory by localized non-uniformities (including particles and radiation) in the medium through which they pass. In conventional use, this also includes deviation of reflected radiation from the angle predicted by the law of reflection. Reflections of radiation that undergo scattering are often called diffuse reflections and unscattered refle

different states of quantum systems

amount of energy released when an electron is attached to a neutral atom or molecule in the gaseous state to form a negative ion

scattering of a photon off of a charged particle

spectral lines of the Sun

thermally induced flow of charge carriers from a surface

physical constant; the most probable distance between an electron and the nucleus in a nonrelativistic model of the hydrogen atom with infinitely heavy nucleus

thumb|upright|Bremsstrahlung produced by a high-energy electron deflected in the electric field of an atomic nucleus

physical phenomenon in which the filling of an inner-shell vacancy of an atom is accompanied by the emission of an electron from the same atom

quantum number for an atomic orbital that determines its orbital angular momentum and describes the shape of the orbital, and is symbolized as ℓ

measure of probability that a specific process will take place in a collision of two particles

one of four quantum numbers which are assigned to each electron in an atom to describe that electron's state

unit of magnetic moment (approx. 9.2 J/T); the magnetic dipole moment of an electron orbiting an atom with angular momentum ℏ in the Bohr model

energy level splitting via a static electric field

set of three rules proposed by physicist Friedrich Hund

small shifts and splittings in the energy levels of atoms, molecules and ions

ratio of magnetic dipole moment to total angular momentum

details in the emission spectrum of an atom

special function over the surface of a sphere

formula for spectral line wavelengths in alkali metals

third in a set of four quantum numbers that distinguishes the orbitals available within a subshell and can be used to calculate the azimuthal component of the orientation of orbital in space

variety of techniques where atomic samples are cooled via interacting with lasers

empirical law concerning the characteristic x-rays that are emitted by atoms

Physical phenomenon

scattering of electromagnetic radiation by a free charged particle

Polarizability usually refers to the tendency of matter, when subjected to an electric field, to acquire an electric dipole moment in proportion to that applied field. It is a property of particles with an electric charge. When subject to an electric field, the negatively charged electrons and positively charged atomic nuclei are subject to opposite forces and undergo charge separation. Polarizability is responsible for a material's dielectric constant and, at high (optical) frequencies, its refractive index.

emission of characteristic "secondary" X-rays from a material that has been excited by high-energy X-rays or gamma rays

in quantum mechanics, the wavelength of a photon whose energy is the same as the rest energy of a particle

thumb|In the Bohr model of the hydrogen atom, the electron transition from energy level n = 3 to n = 2 results in the emission of an H-alpha photon.

quantum number parameterizing spin and angular momentum

alt=Simplified drawing of the muonium atom|thumb|300x300px|A muonium atom

device for the storage of charged particles

physical constant providing length scale to interatomic interactions

probability density of electrons being somewhere

relativistic interaction of a particle's spin with its motion inside a potential

relation between ionization state of a gas to the temperature and pressure

system of measurement

decrease in attraction between an electron and the nucleus

canonical solutions of the general Legendre equation

quantum mechanics taking into account particles near or at the speed of light

formula used to calculate the total power radiated by a non relativistic point charge as it accelerates

g-factor for electron with spin and orbital angular momentum

Relation between observed magnetic moment of a particle and the related unit of magnetic moment

The reluctance of 'ns' pair of electrons to take part in bond formation

quantum mechanical phenomenon

spectral line source used in physics and chemistry

electrons in an atom's inner shells, which do not participate in chemical bonding

quantum number describing the total angular momentum of an atom

semi-empirical rules for quantum chemistry

in quantum physics, an abbreviated description of the total spin and orbital angular momentum quantum numbers of the electrons in a multi-electron atom