Biological techniques and tools

upright=0.4|thumb|Thin-layer chromatography is used to separate components of a plant extract, illustrating the experiment with plant pigments which gave chromatography its name

thumb|Reagents, such as sulfur (pictured), are the starting materials used in chemical reactions.

In biomedical contexts, a biomarker, or biological marker, is a measurable indicator of some biological state or condition. Biomarkers are often measured and evaluated using blood, urine, or soft tissues to examine normal biological processes, pathogenic processes, or pharmacologic responses to a therapeutic intervention. Biomarkers are used in many scientific fields.

Optogenetics is a biological technique used to characterize and manipulate the activity of neurons or other cell types with light. This is achieved by expression of light-sensitive ion channels, pumps or enzymes in the target brain cells.

Dissection (from Latin ' "to cut to pieces"; also called anatomization''') is the dismembering of the body of a deceased animal or plant to study its anatomical structure. Autopsy is used in pathology and forensic medicine to determine the cause of death in humans. Less extensive dissection of plants and smaller animals preserved in a formaldehyde solution is typically carried out or demonstrated in biology and natural science classes in middle school and high school, while extensive dissections of cadavers of adults and children, both fresh and preserved are carried out by medical students in

photographic device with any type of trigger causing a photo to be taken when activity is present

thumb|278x278px|Vasculature of porcine skin under fluorescence ([[Smooth muscle actin with AlexaFluor 488). Green = smooth muscle actin (SMA) with Alexa 488 fluorophore. Blue = DAPI counterstain. Red = auto-fluorescence. ]]

right|thumb|300px|A stained histological specimen, sandwiched between a glass [[microscope slide.]]

laboratory technique to detect nucleic acids

physicoanalytical technique, electrophoresis in which agar or agarose gel is used as the diffusion medium

molecular biology technique for determining protein-nucleic acid interactions in vitro

networks found in ecological, evolutionary, and physiological contexts

Immunodiffusion is a laboratory technique used to detect and quantify antigens and antibodies by observing their interactions within a gel medium. This technique involves the diffusion of antigens and antibodies through a gel, usually agar, resulting in the formation of a visible precipitate when they interact.

collection of matter for medical purposes

set of approaches in the field of biology concerned with the conduction of experiments to investigate and understand biological phenomena

South American type of raised field agriculture

thumb|Cytometers are the instruments which count the blood cells in the common blood test.

biomedical technique

laboratory technique for separation of DNA

dissection on a microscopic scale with the help of a laser

Biological method of DNA extraction

chemical compound

immunological method

Electrochromatography is a chemical separation technique in analytical chemistry, biochemistry and molecular biology used to resolve and separate mostly large biomolecules such as proteins. It is a combination of size exclusion chromatography (gel filtration chromatography) and gel electrophoresis. These separation mechanisms operate essentially in superposition along the length of a gel filtration column to which an axial electric field gradient has been added. The molecules are separated by size due to the gel filtration mechanism and by electrophoretic mobility due to the gel electrophoresi

type of microscopy

Ultramicrotomy is a method for cutting specimens into extremely thin slices, called ultra-thin sections, that can be studied and documented at different magnifications in an electron microscope such as a transmission electron microscope (TEM). It is used mostly for biological specimens, but sections of plastics and soft metals can also be prepared. For example, recently ultramicrotomy was used to make 2D material devices and use it for DNA sensing. The biological sections must be very thin because the 50 to 125 kV electrons of the standard electron microscope cannot pass through biologica