Cell imaging

protein that converts blue and ultraviolet light ranges to green light

thumb|300px|Scanning electron microscope image of [[pollen (false colors)]] thumb|250px|Microscopic examination in a biochemical laboratory

optical imaging technique for increasing optical resolution and contrast of a micrograph by means of using a spatial pinhole to block out-of-focus light in image formation

optical microscope that uses fluorescence and phosphorescence

energy transfer mechanism and microscopy technique

optical microscopy technique

Micrographia: or Some Physiological Descriptions of Minute Bodies Made by Magnifying Glasses. With Observations and Inquiries Thereupon is a historically significant book by Robert Hooke about his observations through various lenses. It was the first book to include illustrations of insects and plants as seen through microscopes.

Fluorescence imaging technique

right|thumb|Photobleaching: The movie shows photobleaching of a fluorosphere. The movie is accelerated, the whole process happened during 4 minutes. In optics, photobleaching (sometimes termed fading) is the photochemical alteration of a dye or a fluorophore molecule such that it is permanently unable to fluoresce. This is caused by cleaving of covalent bonds or non-specific reactions between the fluorophore and surrounding molecules. Such irreversible modifications in covalent bonds are caused by transition from a singlet state to the triplet state of the fluorophores. The number of excitatio

microscopy technique

optical fluorescence microscopy

super-resolution microscopy technique that creates super-resolution images by the selective deactivation of fluorophores, minimising the area of illumination at the focal point and thus enhancing the achievable resolution for a given system

chemical compound

Fura-2, an aminopolycarboxylic acid, is a ratiometric fluorescent dye which binds to free intracellular calcium. It was the first widely used dye for calcium imaging, and remains very popular. Fura-2 is excited at 340 nm and 380 nm of light, and the ratio of the emissions at those wavelengths is directly related to the amount of intracellular calcium. Regardless of the presence of calcium, Fura-2 emits at 510 nm of light. The use of the ratio automatically cancels out confounding variables, such as variable dye concentration and cell thickness, making Fura-2 one of the most appr

experimental technique in cell biology

microscope to observe a very shallow depth in a cell

scientific method

Three brainbows of mouse neurons from Lichtman and Sanes, 2008|thumb|right Brainbow is a process by which individual neurons in the brain can be distinguished from neighboring neurons using fluorescent proteins. By randomly expressing different ratios of red, green, and blue derivatives of green fluorescent protein in individual neurons, it is possible to flag each neuron with a distinctive color. This process has been a major contribution to the field of neural connectomics.

chemical compound

dissection on a microscopic scale with the help of a laser

Indo-1 is a popular dye that is used as a ratiometric calcium indicator similar to Fura-2. In contrast to Fura-2, Indo-1 has a dual emissions peak and a single excitation. The main emission peak in calcium-free solution is 475 nm while in the presence of calcium the emission is shifted to 400 nm. It is widely used in flow cytometry and laser scanning microscopy, due to its single excitation property. However, its use for confocal microscopy is limited due to its photo-instability caused by photobleaching. Indo-1 is also able to keep possession of its ratiometric emission, dissimilar

Fluorescence microscopy technique

GCaMP is a genetically encoded calcium indicator (GECI) initially developed in 2001 by Junichi Nakai. It is a synthetic fusion of green fluorescent protein (GFP), calmodulin (CaM), and M13, a peptide sequence from myosin light-chain kinase. When bound to Ca2+, GCaMP fluoresces green with a peak excitation wavelength of 480 nm and a peak emission wavelength of 510 nm. It is used in biological research to measure intracellular Ca2+ levels both in vitro and in vivo using virally transfected or transgenic cell and animal lines. The genetic sequence encoding GCaMP can be inserted under th

fluorescence microscopy imaging method

inclusion bodies for misfolded proteins

microscopy technique that uses interference and fluorescence computers

type of microscopy

quantitative phase microscope