Cognitive biases

Wikimedia list article

tendency for people to overestimate their ability to control events

tendency to believe false information when repeated

psychological phenomenon

cognitive bias that involves an over-reliance on a familiar tool

psychological phenomena

dysfunctional institutional culture that eschews reusing products or ideas of external origin

cognitive biases associated with occupations

the finding that people are more likely to retain an object they already own than to acquire that same object when they do not own it

tendency not to notice stimuli that cause emotional discomfort and contradict prior beliefs

cognitive bias that causes someone to believe that they themselves are less likely to experience a negative event

improvement in individual performance when working with other people rather than alone

psychological phenomenon by which humans have a greater recall of unpleasant memories compared with positive memories

The tendency to erroneously consider the inevitable streaks or clusters arising in small samples from random distributions to be non-random

cognitive bias wherein a person overestimates their own qualities and abilities

2002 film by Adam Curtis

a cognitive bias by which a person will consider a statement or another piece of information to be correct if it has any personal meaning or significance to them

phenomenon of low expectations of an individual and their effects in educational and organizational settings

concept in behavioral economics that predictions about how much time will be needed to complete a future task display an optimism bias and underestimate the time needed

event when one person first encounters another person and forms a mental image of that person

hypothesis that depressed individuals make more realistic inferences than do non-depressed individuals

theory which suggests that people typically adjust their behavior in response to the perceived level of risk, becoming more careful where they sense greater risk and less careful if they feel more protected

the tendency for people's perception to be affected by their recurring thoughts at the time

perceptual effect of contrasting stimuli

psychological effect on perceptions of attractiveness

thumb|250px|right|1796 fashion caricature by Richard Newton (caricaturist)|Richard Newton parodying a woman's headdress, gown style and extra-slim tights using exaggeration

perception of other people and of social situations

perception of out-group members as more similar to each other

pattern of favoring members of one's in-group over out-group members

Behavioral economics theory that certain prices have a psychological impact

tendency for people to believe that things will always function the way they normally have functioned and therefore to underestimate both the likelihood of a disaster and its possible effects

attempt made by investors to avoid negative financial information

use of data mining to uncover patterns in data that can be presented as statistically significant

an error made in evaluating the quality of a decision when the outcome of that decision is already known, instead of based on the quality of the decision at the time it was made, given what was known at that time

cognitive bias

the tendency to remember one's choices as better than they actually were

cognitive bias of assuming the situation is a zero-sum game

Theory of mass communication

tendency to favor inaction over action, and to judge harmful action as worse than inaction

theory that when participants are presented with multiple homogeneous stimuli

interpreting and judging phenomena by standards inherent to one's own culture

the tendency to avoid options for which the probability of a favorable outcome is unknown

prophecy written after the author already had information about the events being "foretold", so as to appear that the prophecy had taken place before the event, when in fact it was written after the events supposedly predicted

type of cognitive bias

a cognitive bias that refers to the systematic errors made when people evaluate their own and others' behaviors

psychological trait

a prediction that prevents what it predicts from happening

simple strategies, rules or mental processes involved in making quick judgments or decisions

argumentative fallacy

tendency of individuals to offer greater aid when a specific, identifiable person is observed under hardship, as compared to a large, vaguely defined group with the same need

Self-licensing (also moral self-licensing, moral licensing, or licensing effect) is a term used in social psychology and marketing to describe the subconscious phenomenon whereby increased confidence and security in one's self-image or self-concept tends to make that individual worry less about the consequences of subsequent immoral behavior and, therefore, more likely to make immoral choices and act immorally. In simple terms, self-licensing occurs when people allow themselves to indulge after doing something positive first; for example, drinking a diet soda with a greasy hamburger and fries

tendency to view past events in a positive (often unrealistic) light

cognitive bias where actors tend to attribute the causes of their behavior to stimuli inherent in the situation, while observers tend to attribute behavior to stable dispositions of the actor

behavioral phenomenon

cognitive bias

unintended consequences of an attempt to persuade resulting in the adoption of an opposing position instead

cognitive bias

Dependence of public acceptance of a person's mistakes on that person's ability

preference for fairness and resistance to incidental inequalities

unreflected, mistaken attributions to and descriptions of social groups