Executed philosophers

Socrates (; ; – 399 BC) was an ancient Greek philosopher from Classical Athens, perhaps the first Western moral philosopher, and a major inspiration on his student Plato, who largely founded the tradition of Western philosophy. An enigmatic figure, Socrates authored no texts and is known mainly through the posthumous accounts of classical writers, particularly his students Plato and Xenophon. These accounts are written as dialogues, in which Socrates and his interlocutors examine a subject in the style of question and answer; they gave rise to the Socratic dialogue literary genre. Contrad

Marcus Tullius Cicero ( , ; 3 January 106 BC – 7 December 43 BC) was a Roman statesman, lawyer, scholar, philosopher, orator, and writer who tried to uphold principles during the political crises of the Roman Republic that led to the establishment of the Roman Empire. The extensive writings of Cicero include treatises on rhetoric, philosophy, and politics. He is considered one of Rome's greatest orators and prose stylists and the innovator of what became known as "Ciceronian rhetoric". Cicero was educated in Rome and in Greece. He came from a wealthy municipal () family of the Roman

Roman Stoic philosopher, statesman and dramatist (c. 4 BCE–65 CE)

Italian Dominican friar, philosopher and mathematician (1548–1600)

English statesman, lawyer and philosopher (1478–1535)

Hypatia (born 350–370 – March 415 AD) was a Neoplatonist philosopher, astronomer, and mathematician who lived in Alexandria, at that time in the province of Egypt and a major city of the Roman Empire. In Alexandria, Hypatia was a prominent thinker who taught subjects including philosophy and astronomy, and in her lifetime was renowned as a great teacher and a wise counselor. Not the only fourth century Alexandrian female mathematician, Hypatia was preceded by Pandrosion. However, Hypatia is the first female mathematician whose life is reasonably well recorded. She wrote a commentary on Di

Czech theologian, philosopher and preacher (1369-1415)

Anicius Manlius Severinus Boethius, commonly known simply as Boethius (; Latin: Boetius; 480–524 AD), was a Roman senator, consul, magister officiorum, polymath, historian, and philosopher of the Early Middle Ages. He was a central figure in the translation of the Greek classics into Latin, a precursor to the Scholastic movement, and, along with Cassiodorus, one of the two leading Christian scholars of the 6th century. The local cult of Boethius in the Diocese of Pavia was sanctioned by the Sacred Congregation of Rites in 1883, confirming the diocese's custom of honouring him on the 23 October

German Lutheran pastor, theologian, anti-Nazi dissident (1906–1945)

French playwright and political activist (1748–1793)

2nd century CE Christian apologist and martyr

Mansour al-Hallaj () or Mansour Hallaj () ( 26 March 922) (Hijri 309 AH) was a mystic, poet, and teacher of Sufism. He was best known for his saying, "I am the Truth" ("''Ana'l-Ḥaqq''"), which many saw as a claim to divinity, while others interpreted it as an instance of annihilation of the ego, which allowed God to speak through him. Al-Hallaj gained a wide following as a preacher before he became implicated in power struggles of the Abbasid court and was executed after a long period of confinement on religious and political charges. Although most of his Sufi contemporaries disapproved of his

Persian philosopher and founder of the school of Illuminationism

Italian philosopher

British politician and political theorist (1623-1683)

Iraqi Shia cleric, philosopher, and the ideological founder of the Islamic Dawa Party (1935-1980)(55 yrs)

French philosopher, Marxist theoretician and resistance member (1903-1942)

Neoplatonist philosopher

Bohemian philosopher, doctor, politician and science writer (1566-1621)

Neoplatonist philosopher

Disciple of Confucius (542–480 BC)

Iranian writer and academic

Russian philosopher (1879–1937)

Italian scholar and scientist

Polemarchus (; ; 5th century – 404 BC) was an ancient Athenian philosopher from Piraeus.

Moroccan politician (1951–1974)

French philosopher

Georgian philosopher and political activist