Gauge theories

hypothetical particle with one magnetic pole

physical theory having a gauge symmetry

screened Coulomb potential that exponentially decays

phenomenon in certain quantum systems in which the coupling constant becomes small at high energy scales

scalar field whose vacuum expectation value spontaneously breaks electroweak gauge symmetry

virtual anti-particle pair production giving self-energy to the electromagnetic field

nonabelian generalization of electrodynamics, which can be used to describe electroweak and strong nuclear interactions

type of unphysical field in quantum field theory which provides mathematical consistency

boson with the spin equal to 1

An instanton (or pseudoparticle) is a notion appearing in theoretical and mathematical physics. An instanton is a classical solution to equations of motion with a finite, non-zero action, either in quantum mechanics or in quantum field theory. More precisely, it is a solution to the equations of motion of the classical field theory on a Euclidean spacetime.

In theoretical physics, S-duality (short for strong–weak duality, or Sen duality) is an equivalence of two physical theories, which may be either quantum field theories or string theories. S-duality is useful for doing calculations in theoretical physics because it relates a theory in which calculations are difficult to a theory in which they are easier.

action of a massive abelain gauge field

gauge-invariant observable obtained from the holonomy of the gauge connection around a given loop

Millennium Prize Problem

identity in abelian gauge theories due to gauge invariance

four-vector field characterizing the propagation of gluons in the strong interaction between quarks

thumb|Notional amplituhedron visualization In mathematics and theoretical physics (especially twistor string theory), an amplituhedron is a geometric structure introduced in 2013 by Nima Arkani-Hamed and Jaroslav Trnka. It enables simplified calculation of particle interactions in some quantum field theories. In planar N = 4 supersymmetric Yang–Mills theory, also equivalent to the perturbative topological B model string theory in twistor space, an amplituhedron is defined as a mathematical space known as the positive Grassmannian.

In physics, a dyon is a hypothetical particle in 4-dimensional theories with both electric and magnetic charges. A dyon with a zero electric charge is usually referred to as a magnetic monopole. Many Grand Unified Theories predict the existence of both magnetic monopoles and dyons.

procedure of coping with redundant degrees of freedom in physical field theories

symplectic topology tool

formulation to quantize gauge field theories in physics

quantum field theory involving both gauge symmetry and supersymmetry

group of gauge symmetries in a gauge theory

In theoretical physics, path-ordering is the procedure (or a meta-operator \mathcal P) that orders a product of operators according to the value of a chosen parameter:

theory of gravitation cast in the mathematical language of geometric algebra

field theory coupling of charge but not higher moments

analytic solution for N=2 supersymmetric gauge theories

differential operator acting on vector bundles

second order tensor field characterizing the gluon interaction between quarks