Indian inventions

thumb|Sugars (clockwise from top-left): white refined, unrefined, brown sugar|brown, unprocessed cane sugar

integer number zero; neutral element for the addition

thumb |upright=1.2 |Statue of Shiva performing yoga in the [[lotus position ]]

thumb|Brass buttons from the uniform of a Danish World War I artillery lieutenant thumb|Modern buttons made from vegetable ivory

In Buddhism, a stupa (, ) is a domed hemispherical structure containing several types of sacred relics, including images, statues, metals, and śarīra—the remains of Buddhist monks or nuns. It is used as a place of pilgrimage and meditation.

thumb|right|upright=1.3|Shampoo lather in hair thumb|right|upright=1.3|Bottles of shampoo and lotions manufactured in the early 20th century by the C.L. Hamilton Co. of [[Washington, D.C., United States]]

device for spinning thread, yarn, or silk from natural or synthetic fibers

thumb|A Rajput man smoking through a hookah, [[Rajasthan, India.]]

Tiles are usually thin, square or rectangular coverings manufactured from hard-wearing material such as ceramic, stone, metal, baked clay, or even glass. They are generally fixed in place in an array to cover roofs, floors, walls, edges, or other objects such as tabletops. Alternatively, tile can sometimes refer to similar units made from lightweight materials such as perlite, wood, and mineral wool, typically used for wall and ceiling applications. In another sense, a tile is a construction tile or similar object, such as rectangular counters used in playing games (see tile-based game). The w

collection of traditional lunisolar calendars of the Hindus

The sitar ( or ; ) is a plucked stringed instrument, originating from the Indian subcontinent, used in Hindustani classical music. The instrument was invented in the 18th century, and arrived at its present form in 19th-century India. Khusrau Khan, an 18th-century figure of the Mughal Empire, has been identified by modern scholarship as the inventor of the sitar. According to most historians, he developed the sitar from the setar, an Iranian instrument of Abbasid or Safavid origin.

Kabaddi (, ) is a contact team sport played between two teams of seven players. It is one of the traditional games of South Asia. In the game, a raider enters the opposing half of the court to tag the defenders and attempt to return within 30 seconds without being tackled. Points are awarded for successful tags, while defenders earn a point for tackling the raider. Tagged or tackled players are temporarily out but can re-enter when their team scores. Raids alternate between teams throughout the game.

thumb|Constanța Shipyard, Romania thumb|Turku Repair Yard, Finland thumb|Dubai Maritime City, [[Dubai, UAE]]

thumb|Chess set from Rajasthan, India Chaturanga (, , ) is an ancient Indian strategy board game. It is first known from India around the seventh century AD.

script, short strings of symbols associated with the Indus Valley Civilization

ancient music and music theories from the Indian subcontinent

simple black or colored ink

The veena, also spelled vina ( IAST: vīṇā), is any of various chordophone instruments from the Indian subcontinent. Ancient musical instruments evolved into many variations, such as lutes, zithers and arched harps. The many regional designs have different names such as the Rudra veena, the Saraswati veena, the Vichitra veena and others.

board game

Hindi word for betel used for a stimulating and psychoactive preparation combined with areca nut and/or cured tobacco

thumb|Tibetans playing carrom in Delhi

thumb|right|A young girl wearing a shawl as a head covering thumb|right|Maxida Märak wearing a traditional Saami wool shawl onstage at [[Riddu Riđđu 2019]]

thumb|Two shatranj players in a detail from a Persian miniature painting of Bayasanghori Shahname made in 1430

thumb|Shilajit or mumijo, Mohave lava tube, 2018

machine that separates cotton fibers from seeds

most common system for writing numbers

thumb|upright=1.35|Dyed wool being carded with a 1949 Tatham carding machine at Jamieson Mill, Sandness, [[Shetland, Scotland]] thumb|Cotton carder (known as dhunuri or lep wallah) in [[Howrah, Kolkata, India]] thumb|William Tatham Breaker carder. In textile production, carding is a mechanical process that disentangles, cleans and intermixes fibres to produce a continuous web or sliver suitable for subsequent processing. This is achieved by passing the fibres between differentially moving surfaces covered with "card clothing", a firm flexible material embedded with metal pins. It breaks up loc

type of city plan in which streets run at right angles to each other, forming a grid

Ludo (; ) is a strategy-based board game for two to four players, in which the players race their four from start to finish according to the rolls of a single die. Ludo shares characteristics with other cross-and-circle games from around the world; these types of games include the pre-Columbian Mesoamerican game Patolli, and the Indian game Pachisi. The game and its variations are popular in many countries and under various names.

thumb|The weave of calico sample from a shopping bag shown against a [[centimetre scale]] Calico (; in British usage since 1505) is a heavy plain-woven textile made from unbleached, and often not fully processed, cotton. It may also contain unseparated husk parts. The fabric is coarser than muslin, but less coarse and thick than canvas or denim. It is still very cheap owing to its unfinished and undyed appearance.

The chakram (; ) is a throwing weapon from the Indian subcontinent. It is circular with a sharpened outer edge and a diameter of . It is also known as chalikar meaning "circle", and was sometimes referred to in English writings as a "war-quoit". The chakram is primarily a throwing weapon, but can also be used hand-to-hand. A smaller variant called chakri is worn on the wrist. A related weapon is the chakri dong, a bamboo staff with a chakri attached at one end.

small tablet of dark stone used for assaying precious metal alloys

thumb|Chand Baori, in the village of [[Abhaneri near Bandikui, Rajasthan is one of the deepest and largest stepwells in India]] thumb|right|The Rani ki Vav, Patan, Gujarat thumb|upright|A multi-storey stepwell in Mahimapur Village, Amravati District, Maharashtra Stepwells (also known as vav or baori) are wells, cisterns or ponds with a long corridor of steps that descend to the water level. Stepwells played a significant role in defining subterranean architecture in western India from the 7th to the 19th century. Some stepwells are multi-storeyed and can be accessed by a Persian wheel which is

right|thumb|Packs of beedies. thumb|Beedi making process, rare handicrafts in Akkaraipattu, Sri Lanka. Bidi leaf (Bauhinia racemosa) and shredded tobacco are prepared and finalized with thread binding. A beedi (also spelled bidi or biri) is a thin cigarette or mini-cigar filled with tobacco flake and commonly wrapped in a tendu (Diospyros melanoxylon) or Piliostigma racemosum leaf tied with a string or adhesive at one end. It originates from the Indian subcontinent. The name is derived from the Marwari word beeda—a mixture of betel nuts, herbs, and spices wrapped in a leaf. It is a traditional

Dhol () can refer to any one of a number of similar types of double-headed drum widely used, with regional variations, throughout the Indian subcontinent. Its range of distribution in Indian subcontinent primarily includes northern areas such as the Jammu, Himachal, Punjab, Haryana, Delhi, Kashmir, Sindh, Assam Valley, Uttarakhand, West Bengal, Odisha, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Konkan, Goa, Karnataka, Rajasthan, Bihar, Jharkhand and Uttar Pradesh. A related instrument is the dholak or dholki. Dhols are amongst other events used in Indian wedding ceremony processions such as Baraat or Varyatra.

non-negative integer, the representation of whose square in that base can be split into two parts that add up to the original number again

1961 fighter aircraft family by Hindustan Aircraft Limited

thumb|Chintz jacket and neckerchief with glazed printed cotton petticoat. 1770–1800. MoMu, Antwerp. Chintz () is a woodblock printed, painted, stained or glazed calico textile that originated in Golconda (present day Hyderabad, India) in the 16th century. The cloth is printed with designs featuring flowers and other patterns in different colours, typically on a light, plain background.

distance measure

type of steel

thumb|The Saqiyah, c. 1905 thumb|alt=taken at Sikandra, India c1917 and titled near the time as 'A Punjabi Wheel'; from photo album of Robert Victor Soper, Private, Hampshire Regiment, in India 1916-19|'Punjab Wheel', India c.1917 A sāqiyah or saqiya (), also spelled sakia or saqia) is a mechanical water lifting device. It is also called a Persian wheel, tablia, rehat, and in Latin tympanum. It is similar in function to a scoop wheel, which uses buckets, jars, or scoops fastened either directly to a vertical wheel, or to an endless belt activated by such a wheel. The vertical wheel is itself a

Pehlwani, also known as Kushti, is a form of wrestling practiced in the Indian subcontinent. It was developed in the Mughal Empire by combining Persian Koshti pahlevani with influences from native Indian Malla-yuddha. The words pehlwani and kushti derive from the Persian terms pahlavani (heroic) and koshti (wrestling, lit. killing) respectively, meaning "heroic wrestling". A practitioner of this sport is referred to as a pehlwan (Persian for hero) while teachers are known as ustad (Persian for teacher or master) or guru.

type of antenna shaped like a horn and also called "horn"

primality test

email, cloud storage, collaboration tools, hardware, administration, social media and other business apps

type of sword

musical instrument

digital payment system for inter-bank transfer in India

Indian small-lift launch vehicle

old type of high carbon steel from India

The Simputer is a self-contained, open hardware Linux-based handheld computer that was first released in 2002, developed in, and primarily distributed within India. The product was envisioned as a low-cost alternative to personal computers. The Simputer project had the initial goal of selling 50,000 units, but only sold about 4,000 units by 2005, and has been called a failure by news sources.

type of sword common in Indian martial arts

system of traditional medicine originating in South India

Mallakhamba, or Mallakhamb or Mallarkambam is a traditional sport, originating from the Indian subcontinent, in which a group of gymnasts perform aerial yoga and gymnastic postures using wrestling grips in concert with a stationary vertical pole. The word mallakhamba also refers to the pole used in the sport. The pole is usually made from shisham (Indian rosewood) polished with castor oil. Other popular versions of mallakhamba are practiced using a cane or a rope instead of a pole. The origins of pole dancing can be traced back to the sport of mallakhamba.

Indian ball game

World's first rocket missile ammunition, developed by Tipu Sultan, an emperor of India

right|thumb|upright=1.1|Gutka street vendor in Himachal Pradesh, India

algorithm for generating prime numbers

standard keyboard layout for Indian scripts

type of exercise equipment