Islamic jurisprudence

Sharia (; , ), also transliterated as '''''Sharī'ah, Shari'a, or Shariah''''', is a body of religious law that form the Islamic tradition based on scriptures of Islam, particularly the Qur'an and hadith. In Islamic terminology sharīʿah refers to immutable, intangible divine law, in contrast to fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence), which refers to its interpretations by Islamic scholars. Sharia, or fiqh as traditionally known, has always been used alongside customary law from the very beginning in Islamic history; it has been elaborated and developed over the centuries by legal opinions issued by quali

Fiqh (; ) is the term for Islamic jurisprudence. Fiqh is often described as the style of human understanding, research and practices of the sharia; that is, human understanding of the divine Islamic law as revealed in the Quran as well as the sunnah (the teachings and practices of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and his companions). Fiqh expands and develops sharia through interpretation (ijtihad) of the Quran and sunnah by Islamic jurists (ulama) and is implemented by the rulings (fatwa) of jurists on questions presented to them. Thus, whereas sharia is considered immutable and infallible by Mus

A fatwa (; ; ; ) is a legal ruling on a point of Islamic law (sharia) given by a qualified Islamic jurist (faqih) in response to a question posed by a private individual, judge or government. A jurist issuing fatwas is called a mufti, and the act of issuing fatwas is called ifta. Fatwas have played an important role throughout Islamic history, taking on new forms in the modern era.

A madhhab (, , pl. , ) refers to any school of thought within Islamic jurisprudence. The major Sunni madhhab are Hanafi, Maliki, Shafi'i, and Hanbali. They emerged in the ninth and tenth centuries CE and by the twelfth century almost all Islamic jurists aligned themselves with a particular madhhab. These four schools recognize each other's validity and they have interacted in legal debate over the centuries. Rulings (Fatwa) of these schools are followed across the Muslim world without exclusive regional restrictions, but they each came to dominate in different parts of the world.

Ijtihad ( ; '''' , ) is an Islamic legal term referring to independent reasoning by an expert in Islamic law, or the thorough exertion of a jurist's mental faculty in finding a solution to a legal question. It is contrasted with taqlid (imitation, conformity to legal precedent). According to classical Sunni theory, ijtihad requires expertise in the Arabic language, theology, revealed texts, and principles of jurisprudence (usul al-fiqh), and is not employed where authentic and authoritative texts (Qur'an and hadith) are considered unambiguous with regard to the question, or where there is an e

Ijma (, ) is an Arabic term referring to the consensus or agreement of the Islamic community on a point of Islamic law. Sunni Muslims regard it as one of the secondary sources of Sharia law, after the Qur'an, and the Sunnah. Exactly what group should represent the Muslim community in reaching the consensus is not agreed on by the various schools of Islamic jurisprudence. Some believe it should be the Sahaba (the first generation of Muslims) only; others the consensus of the Salaf (the first three generations of Muslims); or the consensus of Islamic lawyers, the jurists and scholars of the Musl

In Islamic terminology, something which is makruh or makrooh (, transliterated: makrooh or makrūh) is "discouraged". This is one of the five categories (al-ahkam al-khamsa) in Islamic law – wajib/fard (obligatory), Mustahabb/mandub (recommended), mubah (neutral), makruh (disapproved), haram (forbidden).

In Islam, a mahr (in ; ; Bengali: দেনমোহর; ; ; ; also transliterated mehr, meher, denmohor, mehrieh, or mahriyeh) is the bride wealth obligation, in the form of money, possessions or teaching of verses from the Quran by the groom, to the bride in connection with an Islamic wedding. While the mahr is often money, it can also be anything agreed upon by the bride such as jewellery, home goods, furniture, a dwelling or some land. Mahr is typically specified in the marriage contract signed upon marriage.

Qiyas (, , ) is the process of deductive analogy in which the teachings of the hadith are compared and contrasted with those of the Quran in Islamic jurisprudence, in order to apply a known injunction (nass) to a new circumstance and create a new injunction. Here the ruling of the sunnah and the Quran may be used as a means to solve or provide a response to a new problem that may arise. This, however, is only the case providing that the set precedent or paradigm and the new problem that has come about will share operative causes (, ʿillah). The ʿillah is the specific set of circumstances that

traditional methodological principles used in Islamic jurisprudence (fiqh) for deriving the rulings of Islamic law (sharia)

Taqlid () is a term used in Islamic jurisprudence to denote the conformity of one person to the teaching of another. As such, the person who performs taqlid is termed muqallid. The definite meaning of the term varies depending on context and age. Classical usage of the term differs between Sunni Islam and Shia Islam. Sunni Islamic usage designates the unjustified conformity of one person to the teaching of another, rather than the justified conformity of a layperson to the teaching of a mujtahid (a person who is qualified for independent reasoning). Shia Islamic usage designates general confor

A faqih (, ; , ‎) is an Islamic jurist, an expert in fiqh, or Islamic jurisprudence and Islamic law.

Ibadah (; , also spelled ibada) is an Arabic word meaning service or servitude. In Islam, ibadah is usually translated as “worship”, and ibadat—the plural of ibadah—refers to Islamic jurisprudence (fiqh) of Muslim religious rituals.

Mustahabb () or Mandub () is an Islamic term referring to an action or thing that is recommended and favoured.

Ahkam (, plural of '''', ) is an Islamic term with several meanings. In the Quran, the word hukm'' is variously used to mean arbitration, judgement, authority, or God's will. In the early Islamic period, the Kharijites gave it political connotations by declaring that they accept only the hukm of God (). The word acquired new meanings in the course of Islamic history, being used to refer to worldly executive power or to a court decision.

laws of sexuality in Islam

Bayʿah (, "Pledge of allegiance"), in Islamic terminology, is an oath of allegiance to a leader. It is known to have been practiced by the Islamic prophet Muhammad. In Bedouin culture it was a procedure for choosing the leader of the tribe, and is sometimes taken under a written pact given on behalf of the subjects by leading members of the tribe with the understanding that as long as the leader abides by certain requirements towards his people, they are to maintain their allegiance to him. Bayʿah is still practiced in countries such as Saudi Arabia and Sudan. In Morocco, bayʿah is one of the

arabic term for a slave-concubine that mothers a master's child

An ijazah (, "permission", "authorization", "license"; plural: ijazahs or ijazat) is a license authorizing its holder to transmit a certain text or subject, which is issued by someone already possessing such authority. It is particularly associated with transmission of Islamic religious knowledge. The license usually implies that the student has acquired this knowledge from the issuer of the ijaza through first-hand oral instruction, although this requirement came to be relaxed over time. An ijaza providing a chain of authorized transmitters going back to the original author often accompanied

rites for burial of the deceased body in Islam

8th-century Islamic school of thought that considered the Quran and authentic hadith to be the only authority in matters of law and creed

ethics in Islam

'''''' () is an Arabic Islamic term referring to the custom, or 'knowledge', of a given society. It can also be translated as customary law. To be recognized in an Islamic society, must in principle be compatible with Sharia, but in practice tensions sometimes exist between the representatives of and those of Sharia. When applied, it can lead to the deprecation or inoperability of a certain aspect of fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence).

rights of children in Islam

apocryphal treaty between the Muslims and the Christians of Syria, Mesopotamia, and Jerusalem

male circumcision carried out as an Islamic rite

'''''''''' (Arabic: ) is an Arabic term for juristic discretion. In its literal sense it means "to consider something good". Muslim scholars may use it to express their preference for particular judgements in Islamic law over other possibilities. It is one of the principles of legal thought underlying scholarly interpretation or ijtihad.

Ikhtilāf () is an Islamic scholarly religious disagreement, and is hence the opposite of ijma.

In Islamic legal terminology, bāligh (, adult) or mukallāf (, responsible) or muhallāq (, tendril, mentally matured) or murāhiq (, adolescent) or muhtalim (, pubescent) refers to someone who has reached maturity or puberty, and has full responsibility under Islamic law.

Islamic doctrine mentioned in the Qur'an

In Sharia (Islamic Law) niṣāb (نِصاب) is the minimum amount of wealth that a Muslim must have before being obliged to give zakat. Zakat is determined based on the amount of wealth acquired; the greater one's assets, the greater the zakat value. Unlike taxable income in secular states, niṣāb is not subject to special exemptions.

rules in Islam when going to the toilet

book by Al-Shafi'i

In Islam, the spoils of war, also known as ghanimah (), refer to the wealth or property acquired by Muslims through jihad (warfare) against non-Muslims, including land, wealth, and material possessions like livestock, as well as captives.

islamic term for offering security or pardon to enemies

sources of Islamic Law

extinct madhhab (school of Islamic jurisprudence)

menstruation in Islam

Istiṣḥāb ( ) is an Islamic term used in the jurisprudence to denote the principle of the presumption of continuity. It is derived from an Arabic word suhbah meaning accompany. It is one of the fundamental principles of the legal deduction that presumes the continuation of a fact. It is based on probability and can be applied in the absence of other proofs.

book by An-Nawawi

aspect of Islamic belief

law established by sovereigns in Islamic countries

religious sermon

Maslaha or maslahah or maslahat (, ) or maslaha mursala (, ), comes from the term "Salihat" (good deeds, also linked to Islah and Istislah), is a concept in Sharia (Islamic divine law) regarded as a basis of law. It forms a part of extended methodological principles of Islamic jurisprudence (uṣūl al-fiqh) and denotes prohibition or permission of something, according to necessity and particular circumstances, on the basis of whether it serves the public interest of the Muslim community (ummah). In principle, maslaha is invoked particularly for issues that are not regulated by the Qur'an, the su

thumb|A visual rendition of the Islamic model of the soul showing the position of aql relative to other concepts based on a consensus of 18 surveyed academic and religious experts.

Extinct Islamic School of Law (Madhhab)

Turkic judge

legal and social contract between two individuals

Zihar or Dhihar () (; Ẓihār): ; ；is a term used in Islamic jurisprudence, which literally connotes an admonition by Allah to the believers. During pre-Islamic Arabia, Dhihar, was a practice in which a man referred to his wife as his mother or by uttering that, “you are, to me, like my mother”. This constitutes a form of revocable divorce (although it is invalid). If a husband says these words to his wife, it is highly unlawful for him to have sexual intercourse with her unless he makes recompense by freeing a slave, fasting for two successive months, or feeding sixty poor people.

Extinct Islamic School of Law (Madhhab)

integral part of an Islamic marriage

Al-Kaffarah is a term in Islamic law meaning the expiation of sin, or more specifically “to compensate for commissioning a sinful act or what is paid to redress an imbalance that is a kind of penalty or punishment.” Examples of sinful acts include violating Ramadan fasting, violating ihram restrictions in Hajj, consciously hurting a person or animal. Examples of expiation of them include fasting for two consecutive months, freeing a Muslim slave, paying for food to feed 60 poor people, slaughtering a goat.

Istihlal ( istiḥlāl) is a term used in Islamic jurisprudence, or fiqh, to refer to the act of regarding some action as permissible, or halaal, although it is haraam; the implication is that such a regard is an erroneous and improper distortion of Islamic law. The word "istihlal" is derived as Stem X of the Arabic consonantal root ح-ل-ل meaning "to untie", "to solve", "to dissolve", "to open", "to release", etc.

judgement or fulfillment of neglected duties

municipality of Mauritania

Bahraini writer

Muamalat (also muʿāmalāt, , literally "transactions" or "dealings") is a part of Islamic jurisprudence, or fiqh. Muamalat has been defined as Islamic "rulings governing commercial transactions", but also more broadly to include civil acts and in general all aspects of fiqh that are not Ibadat, i.e. not acts of ritual worship such as prayer or fasting, (See organizational chart of the structure of Islam below in "Principles" section.)

jurisprudence of Muslim minorities

aspect of Islamic jurisprudence

set of laws that govern Muslims in India