Metaphysicians

German-born philosopher (1818-1883)

Russian author (1828–1910)

Laozi (, ; ), formerly Latinized as Laocius, was a legendary Chinese philosopher considered to be the author of the Tao Te Ching (Pinyin: Dào Dé Jīng), one of the foundational texts of Taoism. Modern scholarship generally regards his biographical details as later inventions and his opus a collaboration of various writers, with the name Laozi, literally meaning 'Old Master', likely intended to portray an archaic anonymity that could converse with Confucianism. Traditional accounts addend him as , born in the 6th-centuryBC state of Chu during China's Spring and Autumn period (). Serving as the r

English philosopher and physician (1632-1704)

Italian Dominican friar, philosopher, Catholic priest, and Doctor of the Church (1225–1274)

Dutch philosopher (1632-1677)

Austrian philosopher and logician (1889–1951)

ancient Greek philosopher and mathematician

English philosopher (1588–1679)

Al-Ghazali, ( ( – 19 December 1111), Latinized as Algazelus, was a Shafi'i Sunni Muslim Iranian scholar and polymath. He is known as one of the most prominent and influential jurisconsults, legal theoreticians, muftis, philosophers, theologians, logicians and mystics in Islamic history.

Austrian-British philosopher of science and social and política e falsificationism and for criticism of Plato, Hegel and Marx as totalitarian opponents of open society (1902-1994)

Russian-born American writer and public philosopher (1905–1982)

Titus Lucretius Carus ( ; ;  – October 15, 55 BC) was a Roman poet and philosopher. His only known work is the philosophical poem De rerum natura, a didactic work about the tenets and philosophy of Epicureanism, which usually is translated into English as On the Nature of Things—and somewhat less often as On the Nature of the Universe. Very little is known about Lucretius's life; the only certainty is that he was either a friend or client of Gaius Memmius, to whom the poem was addressed and dedicated. De rerum natura was a considerable influence on the Augustan poets, particularly Virgil

German philosopher, known as the father of phenomenology (*1859 – †1938)

English mathematician and philosopher (1861–1947)

Slovenian philosopher (born 1949)

Chinese Taoist philosopher (c. 369–286 BC)

English polymath, philosopher and friar (c.1219/20–c.1292)

Swedish 18th century scientist and theologian (1688-1772)

Spanish liberal philosopher and essayist (1883–1955)

Abū Yūsuf Yaʻqūb ibn ʼIsḥāq aṣ-Ṣabbāḥ al-Kindī (; ; ; ) was an Arab polymath who was active as a philosopher, mathematician, physician, and music theorist. Al-Kindi was the first of the Islamic peripatetic philosophers, and is hailed as the "father of Arab philosophy".

Spanish-American philosopher

Philo of Alexandria (; ; ; ), also called '''''', was a Hellenistic Jewish philosopher who lived in Alexandria, in the Roman province of Egypt.

Hungarian marxist philosopher and literary critic (1885–1971)

Mozi, personal name Mo Di,

Chinese scientist and statesman (1031-1095)

Jewish-French-Lithuanian philosopher

English philosopher (1873–1958)

5th-century BC Greek Eleatic philosopher

Spanish Jesuit priest, philosopher and theologian (1548-1617)

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History of Political Philosophy scholar (1899-1973)

Sri Lankan Tamil metaphysician (1877–1947)

17th-century Iranian Shia philosopher and theologian

Swiss philosopher, poet and painter (1907-1998)

Norwegian philosopher, mountaineer, and author (1899–1990)

British philosopher (1919–2006)

Brazilian journalist, writer, astrologer, essayist, polemicist, digital influencer and ideologue (1947-2022)

Australian philosopher (1917-1981)

Flemish Cartesian philosopher

German-born British philosopher

Polish philosopher, psychologist and logician (1866–1938)

Scottish metaphysician (1788-1856)

South African philosopher and academic

English philosopher (1887–1971)

Belgian philosopher

Catholic cardinal (1607-1667)

Scottish philosopher and poet, born 1778

British philosopher

Austrian philosopher (1873-1926)

Australian philosopher

Scottish philosopher (1808-1864)

Sufi scholar and a mystic Punjabi poet (1859–1937)

Indian philosopher

New Zealand logician and philosopher (1914–1969)

Spanish philosopher, jesuit, theologian

mathematician and philosopher of science (1930–2024)

Polish philosopher (1943–2009)

Īśvarakṛṣṇa (, , ) (fl. 350 CE) was an Indian philosopher and sage. He was the author of Samkhyakarika (“Verses on Samkhya”), an account of the universe and its components (tattvas) according to the Samkhya school, one of the six schools of Hindu philosophy. Samkhyakarika is the earliest surviving authoritative text on classical Samkhya philosophy.

Russian philosopher (1884–1965)