Neuroscience

main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges

right|thumb|260px|Drawing by Santiago Ramón y Cajal (1899) of [[neurons in the pigeon cerebellum]]

A neurotransmitter is a signaling molecule secreted by a neuron to affect another cell across a synapse. The cell receiving the signal, or target cell, may be another neuron, but could also be a gland or muscle cell.

part of the nervous system

thumb|A Nigerian man receives the [[smallpox vaccine in February 1969, as part of a global program that successfully eradicated the disease from the human population.]] Success is the state or condition of meeting a defined range of expectations. It may be viewed as the opposite of failure. The criteria for success depend on context, and may be relative to a particular observer or belief system. One person might consider a success what another person considers a failure, particularly in cases of direct competition or a zero-sum game. Similarly, the degree of success or failure in a situation m

advanced emotion, subjective experience of total involvement of the subject, with an object of their awareness

upright=1.8|thumb|Overview, including some Physiology|physiological parameters, of the human circadian rhythm ("biological clock")

open question in philosophy of how abstract minds interact with physical bodies

Optogenetics is a biological technique used to characterize and manipulate the activity of neurons or other cell types with light. This is achieved by expression of light-sensitive ion channels, pumps or enzymes in the target brain cells.

Neurogenesis is the process by which nervous system cells, the neurons, are produced by neural stem cells (NSCs). This occurs in all species of animals except the porifera (sponges) and placozoans. Types of NSCs include neuroepithelial cells (NECs), radial glial cells (RGCs), basal progenitors (BPs), intermediate neuronal precursors (INPs), subventricular zone astrocytes, and subgranular zone radial astrocytes, among others.

persistent strengthening of synapses based on recent patterns of activity

brainwaves, repetitive patterns of neural activity in the central nervous system

any condition which is significantly different from a normal waking state

region of the cerebral cortex

area in philosophy concerned with theories about the processes causing willful human bodily movements of a more or less complex kind. This area of thought involves epistemology, ethics, metaphysics, jurisprudence, and philosophy of mind

Blindsight is the ability of people who are cortically blind to respond to visual stimuli that they do not consciously see due to lesions in the primary visual cortex, also known as the striate cortex or Brodmann Area 17. The term was coined by Lawrence Weiskrantz and his colleagues in a paper published in a 1974 issue of Brain. A previous paper studying the discriminatory capacity of a cortically blind patient was published in Nature in 1973.

field of study in neuroscience and psychology

neuron in the retina of the mammalian eye

mathematical description of the properties of certain cells in the nervous system that generate sharp electrical potentials across their cell membrane, roughly one millisecond in duration

Connectomics is the production and study of connectomes, which are comprehensive maps of connections within an organism's nervous system. Study of neuronal wiring diagrams looks at how they contribute to the health and behavior of an organism. There are two very different types of connectomes; microscale and macroscale. Microscale connectomics maps every neuron and synapse in an organism or chunk of tissue, typically using electron microscopy and histology. This level of detail is only possible for small animals (flies and worms) or tiny portions (less than 1 mm on a side) of large animal

measure of arousal other than normal

also called transcranial electrotherapy

treatment of dementia paralytica by malaria inoculation

class of G protein-coupled receptors

agnosia that is a loss of the ability to perceive and process pain

Study of epigenetics' influencing behavior

in medicine, a patient's cognitive perception of their own body

dye which changes its spectral properties in response to voltage changes

Mental process in which one rehearses a given action

motion that perceptibly comes from actions of an organism

Neuroenhancement or cognitive enhancement is the experimental use of pharmacological or non-pharmacological methods intended to improve cognitive and affective abilities in healthy people who don't have any mental illness. Agents or methods of neuroenhancement are intended to affect cognitive, social, psychological, mood, or motor benefits beyond normal functioning.

integrated circuit technology

phenomenon in which after the action potential of a neuron creates a voltage spike down the axon

Neurosexism is an alleged bias in the neuroscience of sex differences towards reinforcing harmful gender stereotypes. The term was coined by feminist scholar Cordelia Fine in a 2008 article and popularised by her 2010 book Delusions of Gender. The concept is now widely used by critics of the neuroscience of sex differences in neuroscience, neuroethics and philosophy.

3-D coordinate system of the human brain

materials made by techniques imitating biological processes

neural process that simulates the response of the motor system in order to estimate the outcome of a motor command

act of improving one's memory

medical condition