Organic chemistry

subdiscipline within chemistry involving the scientific study of carbon-based compounds, hydrocarbons, and their derivatives

any organic compound in which the hydroxyl functional group (–OH) is bound to a saturated carbon atom

chemical compound that contains carbon atoms (with a few exceptions traditionally classified as inorganic compounds)

group of atoms in a molecule which imparts specific chemical properties

series of chemical substances with the same general formula, varying by a single parameter

matter composed of organic compounds

mixture with equal amounts of left- and right-handed enantiomers of a chiral molecule

nomenclature of organic compounds

breakdown of a single entity (normal molecule, reaction intermediate, etc.) into two or more fragments; opposite or reverse process of a synthesis reaction

alt=Hank dyeing|right|thumb|Space dyeing right|thumb|Pigments for sale at a market in Goa, India thumb|Cotton being dyed manually in contemporary India thumb|Silk dye in pan on stove, Khotan Dyeing is the application of dyes or pigments on textile materials such as fibers, yarns, and fabrics with the goal of achieving color with desired color fastness. Dyeing is normally done in a special solution containing dyes and particular chemical material. Dye molecules are fixed to the fiber by absorption, diffusion, or bonding with temperature and time being key controlling factors. The bond between t

In organic chemistry, a substituent is one or a group of atoms that replaces (one or more) atoms, thereby becoming a moiety in the resultant (new) molecule.

thumb|right|upright=0.5|Pyridine is a [[heterocyclic compound and the heteroatom is nitrogen.]]

approach to chemical synthesis using highly favorable reactions involving components fitted with appropriate functional groups, which tolerates many functional groups that might complicate other coupling processes

In stereochemistry, mutarotation is the change in optical rotation of a chiral material in a solution due to a change in proportion of the two constituent anomers (i.e. the interconversion of their respective stereocenters) until equilibrium is reached. Cyclic sugars show mutarotation as α and β anomeric forms interconvert. The optical rotation of the solution depends on the optical rotation of each anomer and their ratio in the solution.

chemical reaction involving organic compounds

thumb|Vanilla extract An extract (essence) is a substance made by extracting a part of a raw material, often by using a solvent such as ethanol, oil or water. Extracts may be sold as tinctures or absolutes or dried and powdered.

database in the field of organic chemistry

chemical compound that has a smell or odor

oligomeric or polymeric chemical group that is attached to a core part of the molecule called "main chain" or backbone

thumb|right|Letter from Perkin's son, with a sample of dyed silk Mauveine, also known as aniline purple and '''Perkin's mauve''', was one of the first synthetic dyes. It was discovered serendipitously by William Henry Perkin in 1856 while he was attempting to synthesise the phytochemical quinine for the treatment of malaria. It is also among the first chemical dyes to have been mass-produced.

representation method in chemistry

technique for solving problems in the planning of organic syntheses

covalent bond between two carbon atoms

thumb|A nonane molecule, consisting of nine [[carbon atoms in a chain with 20 hydrogen atoms surrounding it]]

thumb|300px| Justus von Liebig's synthesis of [[oxamide from dicyan and water represents the first organocatalytic reaction, with acetaldehyde further identified as the first discovered pure "organocatalyst", which act similarly to the then-named "ferments", now known as enzymes.]]

discipline of organic chemistry

Wikipedia article covering multiple topics

attractive, noncovalent interactions between aromatic rings

covalent bond between carbon and hydrogen

thumb|right|General structure of trans-carbodiimides: The core functional group is shown in blue with attached Substituent|R groups

chemical compound CH₂(2•), the simplest carbene

In electrochemistry, electrosynthesis is the synthesis of chemical compounds in an electrochemical cell. Compared to ordinary redox reactions, electrosynthesis sometimes offers improved selectivity and yields. In electrosynthesis, the reactants are activated in-situ using energy from an applied electric field. Electrosynthesis may be better aligned with principles of Green Chemistry compared to reactions using traditional stoichiometric reagents; they may improve energy efficiency, waste, safety or atom economy. However, it may still require hazardous solvents, electrolytes, conductivity aids,

thumb|Three dimensional structure of an enzyme. Biocatalysis utilizes these biological macromolecules to catalyze small molecule transformations. Biocatalysis refers to the use of living (biological) systems or their parts to speed up (catalyze) chemical reactions. In biocatalytic processes, natural catalysts, such as enzymes, perform chemical transformations on organic compounds. Both enzymes that have been more or less isolated and enzymes still residing inside living cells are employed for this task. Modern biotechnology, specifically directed evolution, has made the production of modified

term in organic chemistry

Free electron in a solution, often liquid ammonia

segment of a molecule

carbon atom bound to four other carbon atoms

Attachment of an oligosaccharide to a nitrogen atom

pure chemical substances produced by and for the chemical industry

class of chemical reactions

series of covalently bounded atoms within a linear polymer

phenomenon in physical organic chemistry

Type of chemical equilibrium

Methylotrophs are a diverse group of microorganisms that can use reduced one-carbon compounds, such as methanol or methane, as the carbon source for their growth; and multi-carbon compounds that contain no carbon-carbon bonds, such as dimethyl ether and dimethylamine. This group of microorganisms also includes those capable of assimilating reduced one-carbon compounds by way of carbon dioxide using the ribulose bisphosphate pathway. These organisms should not be confused with methanogens which on the contrary produce methane as a by-product from various one-carbon compounds such as carbon diox

In the nomenclature of organic chemistry, a locant is a term to indicate the position of a functional group or substituent within a molecule.

carbon atom bound to one other carbon in a molecule

group of atoms offshooting from a long molecule's backbone chain

In organic chemistry, umpolung () or polarity inversion is the chemical modification of a functional group with the aim of the reversal of polarity of that group. This modification allows secondary reactions of this functional group that would otherwise not be possible. The concept was introduced by D. Seebach (hence the German word for reversed polarity) and E.J. Corey. Polarity analysis during retrosynthetic analysis tells a chemist when umpolung tactics are required to synthesize a target molecule.

{| class="toccolours" border="1" style="float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse;" | align="center" bgcolor="#ffffff" | 100px120px100px |- | From top to bottom, azides, nitrones, and nitro compounds are examples of 1,3-dipoles. |- |}

In organic chemistry, methenium (also called methylium, carbenium, methyl cation, or protonated methylene) is a cation with the formula . It can be viewed as a methylene radical (:) with an added proton (), or as a methyl radical (•) with one electron removed. It is a carbocation and an enium ion, making it the simplest of the carbenium ions.

covalent bond between carbon and fluorine atoms

Enzyme attached to an inert material

Ethyl centralite is an organic compound. Its chemical name is N,''-diethyl-N,''-diphenylurea. The molecular formula of ethyl centralite is . This compound has important uses in industry and forensics. The structure of ethyl centralite includes two phenyl groups (aromatic rings) attached to a central urea group. There are also ethyl groups () bound to the nitrogen atoms of the urea. Its primary use is as a stabilizer in double and triple-base smokeless powders.

chemical process

copolymer

The organic molecular formula '''''' (molar mass: ≈ 132.12 g/mol) is an acyclic compound that may refer to structural isomers such as:

In chemistry, bifunctionality or difunctionality is the presence of two functional groups in a molecule. A bifunctional species has the properties of each of the two types of functional groups, such as an alcohol (), amide (), aldehyde (), nitrile () or carboxylic acid (). Many bifunctional species are used to produce complex materials. They participate in condensation polymerization like polyester and polyamide.