Organization design

thumb|A diagram comparing how commands are given and executed in a centralized organization and a decentralized organization Decentralization or decentralisation is the process by which the activities of an organization, particularly those related to planning and decision-making, are distributed or delegated away from a central, authoritative location or group and given to smaller factions within it.

Adhocracy is a flexible, adaptable, and informal form of organization defined by a lack of formal structure and employs specialized multidisciplinary teams grouped by function. It operates in a fashion opposite to bureaucracy. Warren Bennis coined the term in his 1968 book The Temporary Society, and Alvin Toffler popularized the term in 1970 in his book Future Shock. The term has since been used often in the management theory of organizations (particularly online organizations). The concept has been further developed by academics such as Henry Mintzberg.

Holacracy is a method of decentralized management and organizational governance, which claims to distribute authority and decision-making through a holarchy of self-organizing teams rather than being vested in a management hierarchy. Holacracy has been adopted by for-profit and non-profit organizations in several countries. This can be seen as a greater movement within organisational design to cope with increasingly complex social environments, that promises a greater degree of transparency, effectiveness and agility.

an organization's ability to manage current operations effectively while being adaptable to cope with changing demands

management of roles, processes, and formal reporting relationships in an organization