Phases of matter

thumb|Suspended particulates indicate the movement of the surrounding gas.

thumb|300px|The formation of a spherical drop (liquid)|droplet of liquid [[water minimizes the surface area, which is the natural result of surface tension in liquids.]]

thumb|300px|Single crystalline form of solid [[insulin.]]

state of matter consisting of ionized gas

distinct forms that different phases of matter take on

thumb|A high-temperature superconductor levitating above a magnet. A persistent electric current flows on the surface of the superconductor, acting to exclude the magnetic field of the magnet (Meissner effect). This current effectively forms an electromagnet that repels the magnet.

state of matter of a dilute gas of bosons cooled to temperatures very near absolute zero

thumb|right|Helium#Helium II|Helium II will "creep" along surfaces in order to find its own level—after a short while, the levels in the two containers will equalize. The [[Rollin film also covers the interior of the larger container; if it were not sealed, the helium II would creep out and escape.]] thumb|right|The liquid helium is in the superfluid phase. A thin invisible film creeps up the inside wall of the bowl and down on the outside. A drop forms. It will fall off into the liquid helium below. This will repeat until the cup is empty—provided the liquid remains superfluid.

region in a substance throughout which all physical properties are essentially uniform; region of material that is chemically uniform, physically distinct, (often) mechanically separable

state of matter with properties of both conventional liquids and crystals

solid, in which atoms and/or molecules are disordered like in a liquid

collection of free, non-interacting particles with a pressure and other physical characteristics determined by quantum mechanical effects

phase of quantum chromodynamics characterised by an assembly of quarks and gluons at thermal and chemical equilibrium

phase of hydrogen

state of matter

In physics and materials science, ferroelectricity is the property of certain materials that exhibit a spontaneous electric polarization—an internal electric alignment that arises naturally without an external source. This polarization can be reversed when an external electric field is applied.

In condensed matter physics, a supersolid is a spatially ordered (i.e. solid) material with superfluid properties. In the case of helium-4, it has been conjectured since the 1960s that it might be possible to create a supersolid. Starting from 2017, a definitive proof for the existence of this state was provided by several experiments using atomic Bose–Einstein condensates. The general conditions required for supersolidity to emerge in a certain substance are a topic of ongoing research.

non-classical state of matter

physical model of 'gases' composed of many non-interacting identical fermions

In thermodynamics, superheating (sometimes referred to as boiling retardation, or boiling delay) is the phenomenon in which a liquid is heated to a temperature higher than its boiling point, without boiling. This is a so-called metastable state or metastate, where boiling might occur at any time, induced by external or internal effects. Superheating is achieved by heating a homogeneous substance in a clean container, free of nucleation sites, while taking care not to disturb the liquid.

Crystallinity refers to the degree of structural order in a solid. In a crystal, the atoms or molecules are arranged in a regular, periodic manner. The degree of crystallinity has a large influence on hardness, density, transparency and diffusion. In an ideal gas, the relative positions of the atoms or molecules are completely random. Amorphous materials, such as liquids and glasses, represent an intermediate case, having order over short distances (a few atomic or molecular spacings) but not over longer distances.

Degenerate matter made from strange quarks

air that has been condensed into a liquid

physical conversion of a gas into a liquid state (condensation)

A monolayer is a single, closely packed layer of entities, commonly atoms or molecules. Monolayers can also be made out of cells. Self-assembled monolayers form spontaneously on surfaces. Monolayers of layered crystals like graphene and molybdenum disulfide are generally called 2D materials.

degenerate matter within the crusts of neutron stars which forms complex structures said to resemble pasta

ratio of vapor concentration to liquid concentration at equilibrium

number of theorized phases of matter whose degrees of freedom include quarks and gluons

thin film obtained by depositing multiple monolayers onto a surface

In electromagnetics and materials science, antiferroelectricity is a physical property of certain materials. It is closely related to ferroelectricity; the relation between antiferroelectricity and ferroelectricity is analogous to the relation between antiferromagnetism and ferromagnetism.

a state that can be achieved in a system of interacting quantum spins

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Multiferroics are defined as materials that exhibit more than one of the primary ferroic properties in the same phase: ferromagnetism – a magnetisation that is switchable by an applied magnetic field ferroelectricity – an electric polarisation that is switchable by an applied electric field ferroelasticity – a deformation that is switchable by an applied stress While ferroelectric, ferroelastics, and ferromagnetics are formally multiferroics, these days the term is usually used to describe the magnetoelectric multiferroics that are simultaneously ferromagnetic and ferroelectric. Sometimes

In chemistry and chemical physics, a mesophase or mesomorphic phase is a phase of matter intermediate between solid and liquid. Gelatin is a common example of a partially ordered structure in a mesophase. Further, biological structures such as the lipid bilayers of cell membranes are examples of mesophases. Mobile ions in mesophases are either orientationally or rotationally disordered while their centers are located at the ordered sites in the crystal structure. Mesophases with long-range positional order but no orientational order are plastic crystals, whereas those with long-range orientati

REDIRECT Supersolid#Superglass

non-classical state of matter

processes showing quantum behavior at the macroscopic scale, rather than at the atomic scale where quantum effects are prevalent; macroscopic scale quantum coherence leads to macroscopic quantum phenomena

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In materials science, paracrystalline materials are defined as having short- and medium-range ordering in their lattice (similar to the liquid crystal phases) but lacking crystal-like long-range ordering at least in one direction.

300px|thumb|Pressure–temperature phase diagram, including an illustration of the liquid–liquid transition line proposed for several polyamorphous materials. This liquid–liquid [[phase transition would be a first order, discontinuous transition between low and high density liquids (labelled 1 and 2). This is analogous to polymorphism of crystalline materials, where different stable crystalline states (solid 1, 2 in diagram) of the same substance can exist (e.g. diamond and graphite are two polymorphs of carbon). Like the ordinary liquid–gas transition, the liquid–liquid transition is expected t

system of interacting nucleons

an ordered quantum fluid of electrons in a linear chain compound or layered crystal

phenomenon in quark matter where matter carries color charge without loss