Phospholipids

thumb|Phospholipid arrangement in cell membranes. thumb|Phosphatidylcholine is the major component of [[lecithin. It is also a source for choline in the synthesis of acetylcholine in cholinergic neurons.]]

class=skin-invert-image|thumb|300px|POPC, an example of a [[phosphatidylcholine, a type of phospholipid in lecithin. Shown in – choline residue and phosphate group; – glycerol residue; – monounsaturated fatty acid residue; – saturated fatty acid residue.]] thumb|The different forms of lecithin – powder, two different concentration liquids, granular and powder lecithin

Phosphatidylserine (abbreviated Ptd-L-Ser or PS) is a phospholipid and is a component of the cell membrane. It plays a key role in cell cycle signaling, specifically in relation to apoptosis. It is a key pathway for viruses to enter cells via apoptotic mimicry. Its exposure on the outer surface of a membrane marks the cell for destruction via apoptosis.

thumb|General structures of sphingolipids|349x349px

300px|thumb|right|class=skin-invert-image|1-Oleoyl-2-palmitoyl-phosphatidylcholine

thumb|right|upright=1.5|Membrane structures. Top, an archaeal phospholipid: 1, isoprene chains; 2, ether linkages; 3, Levorotation and dextrorotation|L-glycerol moiety; 4, phosphate group. Middle, a bacterial or eukaryotic phospholipid: 5, fatty acid chains; 6, ester linkages; 7, D-glycerol moiety; 8, phosphate group. Bottom: 9, lipid bilayer of bacteria and eukaryotes; 10, lipid monolayer of some archaea.

Phosphatidylinositol or inositol phospholipid is a biomolecule. It was initially called "inosite" when it was discovered by Léon Maquenne and Johann Joseph von Scherer in the late 19th century. It was discovered in bacteria but later also found in eukaryotes, and was found to be a signaling molecule.

thumb|250 px|Biosynthesis of various phospholipids (including phosphatidylethanolamine) in bacteria

Cardiolipin (IUPAC name '1,3-bis(sn-3’-phosphatidyl)-sn-glycerol', "sn" designating stereospecific numbering) is an important component of the inner mitochondrial membrane, where it constitutes about 20% of the total lipid composition. It can also be found in the membranes of most bacteria. The name "cardiolipin" is derived from the fact that it was first found in animal hearts. It was first isolated from the beef heart in the early 1940s by Mary C. Pangborn. In mammalian cells, but also in plant cells, cardiolipin (CL) is found almost exclusively in the inner mitochondrial membrane, where it

thumb|250px|Example of an ethanolamine plasmalogen with the characteristic vinyl ether linkage at the sn-1 position and an ester linkage at the sn-2 position

Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) is a phospholipid (and a lecithin) consisting of two C16 palmitic acid groups attached to a phosphatidylcholine head-group.

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Mifamurtide (trade name Mepact, marketed by Takeda) is a drug against osteosarcoma, a kind of bone cancer mainly affecting children and young adults, which is lethal in over half of cases. The drug was approved in Europe in March 2009.

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mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens

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Perifosine (also KRX-0401) is a former drug candidate that was under development for a variety of cancer indications. It is an alkyl-phospholipid structurally related to miltefosine. Perifosine interrupts the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway by acting as an allosteric AKT inhibitor targeting the pleckstrin homology domain of AKT. It was being developed by Keryx Biopharmaceuticals who had licensed it from Æterna Zentaris Inc.

POPC (1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine) is a phosphatidylcholine. It is a diacylglycerol phospholipid. It is an important phospholipid for biophysical experiments and has been used to study various subjects such as lipid rafts. POPC is also used in systems mimicking the cell membrane such as Nanodiscs. It is available commercially and is naturally present in eukaryotic cell membranes.

Edelfosine (ET-18-O-CH3; 1-octadecyl-2-O-methyl-glycero-3-phosphocholine) is a synthetic alkyl-lysophospholipid (ALP). It has antineoplastic (anti-cancer) effects.

thumb|right|General chemical structure of a phosphatidyl glycerol where R1 and R2 are fatty acid side chains Phosphatidylglycerol is a glycerophospholipid found in pulmonary surfactant and in the plasma membrane where it directly activates lipid-gated ion channels.

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