Respiratory toxins

Nitrofurantoin, sold under the brand name Macrobid among others, is an antibacterial medication of the nitrofuran class. It is used primarily to treat lower urinary tract infections (UTIs) but it is also used in bladder infections. It is not indicated for kidney infections nor is it as effective for them. It is taken by mouth.

Bromocriptine, sold under the brand name Parlodel among others, is an ergoline derivative and dopamine agonist that is used in the treatment of pituitary tumors, Parkinson's disease, hyperprolactinaemia, neuroleptic malignant syndrome, and, as an adjunct, type 2 diabetes.

chemical compound

Rotenone is an odorless, colorless, crystalline isoflavone. It occurs naturally in the seeds and stems of several plants, such as the jicama vine, and in the roots of several other members of the Fabaceae. It was the first-described member of the family of chemical compounds known as rotenoids. Rotenone is approved for use as a piscicide to remove alien fish species, see Uses. It has also been used as a broad-spectrum insecticide, but its use as an insecticide has been banned in many countries.

chemical compound

Fenfluramine, sold under the brand name Fintepla, is a serotonergic medication used for the treatment of seizures associated with Dravet syndrome and Lennox–Gastaut syndrome. It was formerly used as an appetite suppressant in the treatment of obesity, but was discontinued for this use due to cardiovascular toxicity before being repurposed for new indications. Fenfluramine was used for weight loss both alone under the brand name Pondimin and in combination with phentermine commonly known as fen-phen.

Fluoroacetamide is an organic compound with the chemical formula . It is a compound based on acetamide with one fluorine atom replacing hydrogen on the methyl group. It is a very toxic metabolic poison which disrupts the citric acid cycle and was used as a rodenticide. If consumed it can cause reproductive disorders. In addition it causes serious eye damage.

Methysergide, sold under the brand names Deseril and Sansert, is a monoaminergic medication which is used in the prevention and treatment of migraine and cluster headaches. It has been withdrawn from the market in the United States and Canada due to safety concerns. The drug has also been found to produce psychedelic effects at high doses. It is taken orally.

chemical compound

chemical compound

Aminorex, sold under the brand names Menocil and Apiquel among others, is a weight loss (anorectic) stimulant drug. It was withdrawn from the market after it was found to cause pulmonary hypertension (PPH). In the United States, aminorex is a Schedule I controlled substance.

Annonacin is a chemical compound with toxic effects on neurons in vitro. It is found in some fruits, such as the paw paw, custard apples, soursop, and others from the family Annonaceae. It is a member of the class of compounds known as acetogenins. Annonacin-containing fruit products are regularly consumed throughout the Caribbean for their traditional medicine uses.

1,3-Difluoro-2-propanol is a metabolic poison which disrupts the citric acid cycle and is used as a rodenticide, similar to sodium fluoroacetate. It is the main ingredient (along with 1-chloro-3-fluoro-2-propanol) in the rodenticide product Gliftor (or Glyftor) which was widely used in the former USSR and still approved in China.

Strobilurins are a group of natural products and their synthetic analogs. A number of strobilurins are used in agriculture as fungicides. They are part of the larger group of QIs (Quinone outside Inhibitors), which act to inhibit the respiratory chain at the level of Complex III.

chemical compound

Bromethalin is a neurotoxic rodenticide that damages the central nervous system.

Chlorphentermine, sold under the brand names Apsedon, Desopimon, and Lucofen, is a serotonergic appetite suppressant of the amphetamine family. Developed in 1962, it is the para-chloro derivative of the better-known appetite suppressant phentermine, which is still in current use.

An uncoupler or uncoupling agent is a molecule that disrupts oxidative phosphorylation in prokaryotes and mitochondria or photophosphorylation in chloroplasts and cyanobacteria by dissociating the reactions of ATP synthesis from the electron transport chain. The result is that the cell or mitochondrion expends energy to generate a proton-motive force, but the proton-motive force is dissipated before the ATP synthase can recapture this energy and use it to make ATP. Because the intracellular supply of protons is replenished, uncouplers actually stimulate cellular metabolism and oxygen consumpti

Moniliformin is the organic compound with the formula (M+ = K+ or Na+). Both the sodium and potassium salts are generally hydrated, e.g. . In terms of its structure, it is the alkali metal salt of the conjugate base of 3-hydroxy-1,2-cyclobutenedione (the enolate of 1,2,3-cyclobutanetrione), a planar molecule related to squaric acid. It is an unusual mycotoxin, a feed contaminant that is lethal to fowl, especially ducklings.

The drug combination fenfluramine/phentermine, usually called fen-phen, is an anti-obesity medication that is no longer widely available. It was sold in the early 1990s, and utilized two anorectics. Fenfluramine was marketed by American Home Products (later known as Wyeth) as Pondimin, but was shown to cause potentially fatal pulmonary hypertension and heart valve problems, which eventually led to its withdrawal in 1997 and legal damages of over $13 billion. On the other hand, phentermine has side effects such as a fast heart beat, high blood pressure, trouble sleeping, dizziness, and restless