Scientific techniques

thumb|A Prism (optics)|prism separates white light by dispersing it into its component colors, which can then be studied using spectroscopy.

analytical technique based on determining mass to charge ratio of ions

energy difference between the quantum spin states of electrons when exposed to an external magnetic field

thumb| A modern crucible used in the production of silicon ingots via the [[Czochralski process|400x400px]] thumb|Smaller clay graphite crucibles for copper alloy melting|300x300px A crucible is a container in which metals or other substances may be melted or subjected to very high temperatures. Although crucibles have historically tended to be made out of clay, they can be made from any material that withstands temperatures high enough to melt or otherwise alter its contents.

method

measure of how much a material will become magnetized in an applied magnetic field

type of electron microscope

technique to study materials with unpaired electrons

Method to identify chemical elements by their absorption of radiation

quantitative determination of a chemical species based on its mass

optical imaging technique for increasing optical resolution and contrast of a micrograph by means of using a spatial pinhole to block out-of-focus light in image formation

refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflectance spectroscopy in part of the ultraviolet and the full, adjacent visible spectral regions

spectroscopic techniques that measure the absorption of radiation

emission of characteristic "secondary" X-rays from a material that has been excited by high-energy X-rays or gamma rays

Method using radiation to identify chemical elements in a sample.

form of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) where the sample is studied at cryogenic temperatures

right|thumb|300px|A stained histological specimen, sandwiched between a glass [[microscope slide.]]

overview about the methods of detecting exoplanets

type of mass spectrometry that uses an inductively coupled plasma to ionize the sample

probes the properties of specific isotopic nuclei in different atomic environments by analyzing the resonant absorption of gamma rays

thermoanalytical technique in which the difference in the amount of heat required to increase the temperature of a sample and reference is measured as a function of temperature

thumb|Color cathodoluminescence of a diamond in Scanning electron microscope|SEM, real colors

type of scanning probe microscopy

method used for determining the concentrations of elements in many materials

analytical technique used for the elemental analysis or chemical characterization of a sample

a technique for the determination of the surface structure of single-crystalline materials

type of atomic emission spectroscopy

device

form of microscopy using an electron beam

accurate way to measure resistivity

radius of the circular movement of an electrically charged particle in a magnetic field

technique by which phase transitions of chemical reactions can be followed by observation of the heat absorbed or liberated

explanation of the process of gas molecules adhering to a solid surface, which is the basis for an important analytical technique allowing the measurement of the surface area of various materials

telescope designed to observe objects in the X‑ray band of the electromagnetic spectrum

technique for determining size distribution of particles

response of spin to electromagnetic radiation

ionization technique

Analytical technique used for the spectrophotometric detection of chemical elements

technique used in conjunction with infrared spectroscopy enabling samples to be examined directly in the solid or liquid state without further preparation

aka High-energy ion scattering (HEIS), analytical technique used in materials science

drug discovery experimental technique

A kymograph (from Greek κῦμα, swell or wave + γραφή, writing; also called a kymographion) is a type of two-dimensional plot that represents spatial position or signal intensity over time. In its modern usage, a kymograph is typically a space–time plot used in fields such as microscopy, cell biology, and speech science to track dynamic processes. These plots are generated by extracting intensity values along a predefined path across sequential image frames. The resulting image reduces the dimension to show time on one axis and sequential spatial information on the other. Using this technique al

Method for material analysis. Backscattered electrons (BSEs) are produced by elastic collisions with atoms from the sample. BSEs produce an image that is related to material composition and orientation providing both spatial and chemical information.

instrument for the chemical analysis of solids

Method of determining the quantity of chemical substances

An osmometer is a device for measuring the osmotic strength of a solution, colloid, or compound.

spectroscopy based on time- or space-domain data

quantitative technique used to determine the thermodynamic parameters of interactions in solution

ionization technique used in mass spectroscopy

analytical technique used in materials science

technique used to study the properties of materials as they change with temperature

A scanning electron microscope with a gaseous environment in the specimen chamber

amount of inorganic noncombustible material a sample contains

analytic technique

techniques for measuring distance

a phenomenon related to the movement of ions in a magnetic field

imaging mode of electron microscopes

Porosimetry is an analytical technique used to determine various quantifiable aspects of a material's porous structure, such as pore diameter, total pore volume, surface area, and bulk and absolute densities.

technique in materials science

microscope to observe a very shallow depth in a cell