Sensory systems

thumb|The Thinker by [[Auguste Rodin (1840–1917) in the garden of the Musée Rodin, Paris]] In their most common sense, thought and thinking refer to cognitive processes that occur independently of direct sensory stimulation. Core forms include judging, reasoning, concept formation, problem solving, and deliberation. Other processes, such as entertaining an idea, memory, or imagination, are also frequently considered types of thought. Unlike perception, these activities can occur without immediate input from the sensory organs. In a broader sense, any mental event—including perception and uncon

Pain is a distressing sensation often caused by intense or damaging stimuli. The International Association for the Study of Pain defines pain as "an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with, or resembling that associated with, actual or potential tissue damage."

thumb|right|Taste bud

long, thin, tubular structure made up of nervous tissue

part of the nervous system responsible for processing sensory information

alt= |thumb |300px |Sensation consists of signal collection and transduction.

thumb|The Necker cube and [[Rubin vase can be perceived in more than one way.]] thumb|Humans are able to make a very good guess on the underlying 3D shape category/identity/geometry given a silhouette of that shape. Computer vision researchers have been able to build computational models for perception that exhibit a similar behavior and are capable of generating and reconstructing 3D shapes from single or multi-view depth maps or silhouettes.

The thalamus (: thalami; from Greek θάλαμος, "chamber") is a large mass of gray matter on the lateral wall of the third ventricle forming the dorsal part of the diencephalon (a division of the forebrain). Nerve fibers project out of the thalamus to the cerebral cortex in all directions, known as the thalamocortical radiations, allowing hub-like exchanges of information. It has several functions, such as the relaying of sensory and motor signals to the cerebral cortex and the regulation of consciousness, sleep, and alertness.

system of body parts responsible for sight

part of the peripheral nervous system

thumb|An illustration of the route of ASMR's tingling sensation

thumb|upright=1.35|Schematics and images of types of limb proprioceptor neurons in mammals (top) and insects (bottom)

sensory system

A mechanoreceptor, also called mechanoceptor, is a sensory receptor that responds to mechanical pressure or distortion. Mechanoreceptors are located on sensory neurons that convert mechanical pressure into electrical signals that, in animals, are sent to the central nervous system.

sensory stimuli below an individual's threshold for conscious perception

the act of deliberately removing or reducing stimuli

physiological sense related to balance

a nerve that carries sensory information toward the central nervous system

specialized innervated muscle structure involved in the reflex action and in proprioception

anatomical structure

In physiology, nociception , also nocioception (), is the sensory nervous system's process of encoding noxious stimuli. It deals with a series of events and processes required for an organism to receive a painful stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal to trigger an appropriate defensive response.

delimited medium where some stimuli can evoke neuronal responses

thumb|A US Food and Drug Administration sensory analyst sniffs canned mackerel to check for spoilage.

sensory nerve

detection of weak electric fields, via specialized sense organs and brain structures

sensory pathway from the skin to the thalamus

In physiology, thermoception or thermoreception is the sensation and perception of temperature, or more accurately, temperature differences inferred from heat flux. It deals with a series of events and processes required for an organism to receive a temperature stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal in order to trigger an appropriate response. Thermal stimuli may be noxious (posing a threat to the subject) or innocuous (no threat). The temperature sensitive proteins in thermoreceptors may also be activated by menthol or capsaicin, hence why these

state of overwhelm caused by an excess of sensory input

organization of sensory information from a person's body and the external world

thumb|A child bites into a watermelon, experiencing mouthfeel sensations such as juiciness Mouthfeel refers to the physical sensations in the mouth caused by food or drink, making it distinct from taste. It is a fundamental sensory attribute which, along with taste and smell, determines the overall flavor of a food item. Mouthfeel is also sometimes referred to as texture.

distorted model of the human body based on areas and proportions of the brain dedicated to motor or sensory functions for different body parts

signal boosting phenomenon using white noise

phenomenon of the nervous system

Aftertaste is the taste intensity of a food or beverage that is perceived immediately after that food or beverage is removed from the mouth. The aftertastes of different foods and beverages can vary by intensity and over time, but the unifying feature of aftertaste is that it is perceived after a food or beverage is either swallowed or spat out. The neurobiological mechanisms of taste (and aftertaste) signal transduction from the taste receptors in the mouth to the brain have not yet been fully understood. However, the primary taste processing area located in the insula has been observed to be

neurodevelopmental differences involving heightened and/or muted responses to sensory input

sensory spinal pathway

term

Concept in neurophysiology

aspect of a stimulus or what is perceived after a stimulus

sensitivity to cold

relationship of flavor to hunger

Alliesthesia (from – be changed, and (aísthēsis) – sensation, perception; thus "changed sensation"; , ) is a psychophysiological phenomenon (not to be confused with the pathologic symptom of allesthesia) that describes the dependence of perceived pleasure or displeasure of stimuli on the internal state of an organism. The internal state of an organism is in constant change, and any stimulus that can help to correct an error or to satisfy a need will be pleasantly perceived. For example, food will be more pleasant when hungry compared to when an organism is satiated. The sensation aroused there

one of the three classes of nerve fiber

Senses with specialized organs

The process in which a startle magnitude is reduced when the startling stimulus is preceded by a low-intensity prepulse.

process by which predators are able to detect and locate their prey via sensor

Medication used for other purposes that additionally has analgesic effects

portion of a perceptual field or pattern of stimuli to which a subject has learned to respond

type of afferent nerve fiber

congenital disorder of nervous system

Design based on human perceptions

study of how information from the different sensory modalities, such as sight, sound, touch, smell, self-motion and taste, may be integrated by the nervous system