Social theories

upright|thumb|right|The merged Venus symbol with [[raised fist is a symbol of feminism; Robin Morgan designed it for a protest of the 1969 Miss America pageant, where it was popularized.]]

Liberalism is a political and moral philosophy based on the rights of the individual, liberty, consent of the governed, political equality, right to private property, and equality before the law. Different liberals espouse various and sometimes conflicting views depending on their understanding of these principles but generally support liberal democracy, private property, market economies, individual rights (including civil rights and human rights), secularism, rule of law, economic and political freedom, freedom of speech, freedom of the press, freedom of assembly, and freedom of religion. Li

Anarchism is a political philosophy and movement that seeks to abolish all institutions that perpetuate authority, coercion, or hierarchy, primarily targeting the state and capitalism. Anarchism advocates for the replacement of the state with stateless societies and voluntary free associations. A historically left-wing movement, anarchism is sometimes described as the libertarian wing of the socialist movement (libertarian socialism).

Conservatism is a cultural, social, and political philosophy and ideology that seeks to promote and preserve traditional institutions, customs, and values. The central tenets of conservatism may vary in relation to the culture and civilization in which it appears. In Western culture, depending on the particular nation and the particular time period, conservatives seek to promote and preserve a range of institutions, such as the nuclear family, organized religion, the military, the nation-state, property rights, rule of law, aristocracy, and monarchy.

Authoritarianism is a political system characterized by the rejection of political plurality, the use of strong central power to preserve the political status quo, and reductions in democracy, separation of powers, civil liberties, and the rule of law. Authoritarian regimes may be either autocratic or oligarchic and may be based upon the rule of a party, the military, or the concentration of power in a single person. States that have a blurred boundary between democracy and authoritarianism have sometimes been characterized as "hybrid democracies", "hybrid regimes" or "competitive authoritaria

280px|thumb|right| James Fearon's ranking of countries by ethnic and [[cultural diversity level in 2003, blue is lower and orange is higher.]] Multiculturalism is the coexistence of multiple cultures. The word is used in sociology, in political philosophy, and colloquially. In sociology and everyday usage, it is usually a synonym for ethnic or cultural pluralism in which various ethnic and cultural groups exist in a single society. It can describe a mixed ethnic community area where multiple cultural traditions exist or a single country. Groups associated with an indigenous, aboriginal or auto

thumb|195x195px|Weighing scales often symbolize [[equality before the law.]]

thumb|Sun tanning|Sunbathers at [[Müggelsee lake beach, East Berlin, 1989]] Naturism is a lifestyle of practicing non-sexual social nudity in private and in public; the word also refers to the cultural movement which advocates and defends that lifestyle. Both may alternatively be called nudism. Though the two terms are broadly interchangeable, nudism emphasizes the practice of nudity, whilst naturism highlights an attitude favoring harmony with nature and respect for the environment, into which that practice is integrated. That said, naturists come from a range of philosophical and cultural ba

thumb|Woman's Progress, May 1895|200px

concept in political philosophy

thumb|alt=A two-colored flag, split diagonally, with yellow at the top and black at the bottom|The black and gold flag, a symbol of anarchism (black) and capitalism (gold) which, according to Murray Rothbard, was first flown in 1963 in [[Colorado and is also used by the Swedish Anarkokapitalistisk Front.|261x261px]]

Holism is the interdisciplinary idea that systems possess properties as wholes apart from the properties of their component parts. The aphorism "The whole is greater than the sum of its parts", is often given as a summary of this proposal. The concept of holism can inform the methodology for a broad array of scientific fields and lifestyle practices. When applications of holism are said to reveal properties of a whole system beyond those of its parts, these qualities are referred to as emergent properties of that system. Holism in all contexts is often placed in opposition to reductionism, a d

biological concepts of natural selection & survival fitness re-imagined socio-politically

political theory concerned with imagined socialist societies

Elitism is the notion that individuals who form an elite—a select group with desirable qualities such as intellect, wealth, power, fame, physical attractiveness, notability, special skills, experience, lineage—are more likely to be constructive to society and deserve greater influence or authority. The term elitism may be used to describe a situation in which power is concentrated in the hands of a limited number of people. Beliefs that are in opposition to elitism include egalitarianism, anti-intellectualism (against powerful institutions perceived to be controlled by elites), populism, and t

political ideology within conservatism

Ableism (; also known as ablism, disablism [in British English], anapirophobia, anapirism, and disability discrimination) is discrimination and social prejudice against physically or mentally disabled people. Ableism characterizes people as they are defined by their disabilities and also classifies disabled people as being inferior to non-disabled people. On this basis, people are assigned or denied certain perceived abilities, skills, or character orientations. Ableism perpetuates false ideas about individuals and groups with disabilities.

300px|thumb|Birthplaces of notable Chinese philosophers from the Hundred Schools of Thought in the [[Zhou dynasty. Philosophers of Mohism are marked by triangles in blue.]]

attitude or state of mind characterized by a general distrust of others' motives

thumb|Henry Ford, after whom Fordism is named Fordism is an industrial engineering and manufacturing system that serves as the basis of modern social and labor-economic systems that support industrialized, standardized mass production and mass consumption. The concept is named after Henry Ford. It is used in social, economic, and management theory about production, working conditions, consumption, and related phenomena, especially regarding the 20th century. It describes an ideology of advanced capitalism centered around the American socioeconomic systems in place in the post-war economic boom

thumb|300px|Anti-intellectualism contrasts the reedy Scholarly method|scholar with the bovine boxer; the comparison epitomizes the populist view of reading and study as antithetical to sport and athleticism. Note the disproportionate heads and bodies, with the size of the head representing mental ability and the size of the body representing physical ability. ([[Thomas Nast)]] Anti-intellectualism refers to a range of attitudes, characterized by skepticism, mistrust or criticism of intellect, intellectuals, and intellectualism. It is commonly expressed as questioning the value or relevance of

Globalism has multiple meanings. In political science, it is used to describe "attempts to understand all of the interconnections of the modern world—and to highlight patterns that underlie (and explain) them". While primarily associated with world-systems, it can be used to describe other global trends. The concept of globalism is also classically used to focus on ideologies of globalisation (the subjective meanings) instead of its processes (the objective practices); in this sense, "globalism" is to globalisation what "nationalism" is to nationalisation.

methods used to achieve pregnancy by artificial or partially artificial means

thumb|upright=1.5|Anti–Ku Klux Klan march in Philadelphia, 1988 Anti-racism encompasses a range of ideas and political actions which are meant to counter racial prejudice, systemic racism, and the oppression of specific racial groups. Anti-racism is usually structured around conscious efforts and deliberate actions which are intended to create equal opportunities for all people on both an individual and a systemic level. As a philosophy, it can be engaged in by the acknowledgment of personal privileges, confronting acts as well as systems of racial discrimination and/or working to change perso

greater accumulation of wealth or status by those who already have it

thumb|"The Four Napoleons", 1858 propaganda image depicting Napoleon|Napoleon I, [[Napoleon II, Napoleon III, and Louis-Napoléon, Prince Imperial]]

analytical framework, or paradigm, that is used to study and interpret social phenomena

theory of organizations

Accelerationism is a range of ideologies that call for the use of capitalism and associated processes to create radical social transformations. Broadly, accelerationism engages with antihumanism, as well as posthumanism, and seeks to accelerate desired tendencies within capitalism at the expense of negative ones, though variants differ greatly on which tendencies and if this will lead beyond capitalism or further into it.

work of political philosophy and ethics by John Rawls

form of anarchism

Post-Marxism is a perspective in critical social theory which radically reinterprets Marxism, countering its alleged association with economism, historical determinism, anti-humanism, and class reductionism, whilst remaining committed to the construction of socialism. Most notably, post-Marxists are anti-essentialist, rejecting the primacy of class struggle, and instead focus on building radical democracy. Post-Marxism can be considered a synthesis of post-structuralist frameworks and neo-Marxist analysis, in response to the decline of the New Left after the protests of 1968. In a broader sens

Anti-consumerism is a sociopolitical ideology. It has been described as "intentionally and meaningfully excluding or cutting goods from one's consumption routine or reusing once-acquired goods with the goal of avoiding consumption". The ideology is opposed to consumerism, being a social and economic order in which the aspirations of many individuals include the acquisition of goods and services beyond those necessary for survival or traditional displays of status.

thumb|250px|right|An anti-establishment sign at Lincoln's Inn Fields, [[London, in 2012]]

Neo-Luddism or new Luddism is a philosophy opposing many forms of modern technology. The term Luddite is generally used as a pejorative applied to people showing technophobic leanings. The name is based on the historical legacy of the English Luddites, who were active between 1811 and 1817. While the original Luddites were mostly concerned with the economic implications of improving technology in regard to industrialization, neo-Luddites tend to have a broader and more holistic distrust of technological improvement.

Gradualism, from the Latin ("step"), is a hypothesis, a theory or a tenet assuming that change comes about gradually or that variation is gradual in nature and happens over time as opposed to in large steps. Uniformitarianism, incrementalism, and reformism are similar concepts.

Neo-feudalism or new feudalism is a theorized contemporary rebirth of policies of governance, economy, and public life, reminiscent of those which were present in many feudal societies. Such aspects include, but are not limited to: Unequal rights and legal protections for common people and for nobility, dominance of societies by a small and powerful elite, a lack of social mobility, and relations of lordship and serfdom between the elite and the people, where the former are rich and the latter poor.

view of problems related to human disability as caused by a societal failure to accommodate disabilities

social theory claiming that capitalism alienates workers from their humanity

Contractualism as a broad term refers to a family of political or ethical theories that have their roots in the social contract tradition. Contractualist ethical theories base morality in mutually beneficial agreement or contract among rational, reasonable agents. Contractualism is sometimes referred to as the "third approach" in morality as opposed to its two prominent rivals, consequentialism and deontology. Contractualism in its narrower meaning refers to one particular branch of contractualist ethical theories developed by T. M. Scanlon.

thumb|Claude-Henri de Rouvroy, comte de Saint-Simon|Claude Henri de Rouvroy, comte de Saint-Simon. Portrait by [[Godefroy Engelmann|upright=1.2]]

theory and research that allows for multiple, non-hierarchical entry and exit points in data representation and interpretation

Ethnopluralism or ethno-pluralism, also known as ethno-differentialism, is a political model which attempts to preserve separate and bordered ethno-cultural regions. According to its promoters, significant foreign cultural elements in a given region ought to be culturally assimilated to seek cultural homogenization in this territory, in order to let different cultures thrive in their respective geographical areas. Advocates also emphasize a "right to difference" (French: droit à la difference) and claim support for cultural diversity at a worldwide rather than at a national level.

social phenomenon when minorities within a larger society maintain cultural identities distinct from a dominant culture, and their values/practices are accepted by the wider society provided they’re consistent with laws/values of the wider society

Agriculturalism, also known as the School of Agrarianism, the School of Agronomists, the School of Tillers, and in Chinese as the Nongjia (), was an early agrarian Chinese philosophy that advocated peasant utopian communalism and egalitarianism.

the unintended consequences of a company pre-announcement made either unaware of the risks involved or when the timing is misjudged, which ends up having a negative impact on the sales of the current product

social theory of the creation and reproduction of social systems

Marxism philosophical movement associated with Althusser

Solidarism or solidarist can refer to: The term "solidarism" is applied to the sociopolitical thought advanced by Léon Bourgeois based on ideas by the sociologist Émile Durkheim which is loosely applied to a leading social philosophy operative during and within the French Third Republic before the First World War. The Christian Solidarism of Heinrich Pesch (1854–1926), which became substantially influential on Catholic social teaching, from the Papal Encyclical Quadragesimo Anno and beyond. The Swedish system of labor arrangement in which labor unions and capitalists jointly set wages below

economic, philosophical, and sociological theories expounded by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels

The semiosphere is a concept in cultural semiotics and biosemiotic theory, according to which—contrary to ideas of nature determining sense and experience—the phenomenal world is a creative and logical structure of processes of semiosis where signs operate together to produce sense and experience.

state of nature where individuals determine the structure of society ignorant of their position

Cyber-utopianism, web-utopianism, digital utopianism, or utopian internet is a subcategory of technological utopianism and the belief that online communication helps bring about a more decentralized, democratic, and libertarian society. The desired values may also be privacy and anonymity, freedom of expression, access to culture and information or also socialist ideals leading to digital socialism. ==Origins== The Californian Ideology is a set of beliefs combining bohemian and anti-authoritarian attitudes from the counterculture of the 1960s with techno-utopianism and support for neoliberal e

Neotribalism, also known as modern tribalism or new tribalism, is a sociological concept which postulates that human beings have evolved to live in tribal society, as opposed to mass society, and thus will naturally form social networks constituting new tribes.

theory of human behavior

In critical theory, deterritorialization is the process by which a social relation, called a territory, has its current organization and context altered, mutated or destroyed. The components then constitute a new territory, which is the process of reterritorialization.

photography genre

Disability rights and cultural diversity movement

Left-conservatism refers to political stances that combine left-wing economics with social conservatism. It is sometimes referred to as socialist conservatism, though these terms are not necessarily identical in meaning.

line of philosophy