Sociolinguistics

thumb|A male cat paying a "call" on a female cat, who then serves up kittens, insinuating that the "results" of children is contingent on a male "catcall" An innuendo is a hint, insinuation or intimation about a person or thing, especially of a denigrating or derogatory nature. It can also be a remark or question, typically disparaging (also called insinuation), that works obliquely by allusion. In the latter sense, the intention is often to insult or accuse someone in such a way that one's words, taken literally, are innocent.

usage of linguistic units established in a particular community, accorded widespread or significant acceptance by speakers

geolinguistic boundary between mutually intelligible speech communities

process of losing a native, or first, language

group of people who share expectations regarding linguistic usage

concept of language having or being influenced by ideology

statement that Croatian, Serbian, Bosnian, and Montenegrin are four varieties of a single pluricentric language

broad linguistic internalized knowledge of a language and its usage

Reintegrationism (, , ), or Lusism, is a linguistic movement in Galicia that advocates for the recognition of Galician and varieties of the Portuguese language as a single language. Reintegrationists argue that the different dialects of Galician and Portuguese should be classified as part of the Galician-Portuguese language, rather than two languages within a common branch. The largest reintegrationist association is the Galician Language Association (AGAL).

attitude supporting the separation of a language variety from the language to which it has hitherto been considered to belong, in order to make this variety considered as a distinct language

sociolinguistics area of study

thumb|300px|Claude Monet's [[Impression, soleil levant was ridiculed as "Impression-ist" in 1872, but the term then became the name of the art movement, "impressionism", and painters began to self-identify as "impressionist".]] In linguistics, reappropriation, reclamation, or resignification is the cultural process by which a group reclaims words or artifacts that were previously used in a way disparaging of that group. It is a specific form of a semantic change (i.e., change in a word's meaning). Linguistic reclamation can have wider implications in the fields of discourse and has been descri

Cluttering is a speech and communication disorder characterized by a rapid rate of speech, erratic rhythm, and poor syntax or grammar, making speech difficult to understand.

concept in linguistics, more than one way of saying the same thing

In linguistics and social sciences, markedness is the state of standing out as nontypical or divergent as opposed to regular or common. In a marked–unmarked relation, one term of an opposition is the broader, dominant one. The dominant default or minimum-effort form is known as unmarked; the other, secondary one is marked. In other words, markedness involves the characterization of a "normal" linguistic unit against one or more of its possible "irregular" forms.

process of selecting, developing and prescribing a model for standard language usage, involving publication of normative grammar, orthography etc.

domain of linguistics

non-French, non-English, or non-Indigenous-language speaker in Canada

third-person feminine singular personal pronoun

linguistic borrowing in which the sound and meaning of a foreign word are adjusted to match existing phonetic and semantic elements in the target language

language on public signs

phenomenon influenced by observer's presence

Heteroglossia is the coexistence of distinct linguistic varieties, styles of discourse, or points of view within a single language (in Greek: hetero- "different" and glōssa "tongue, language"). The term translates the Russian разноречие [raznorechie: literally, "varied-speechedness"], which was introduced by the Russian literary theorist Mikhail Bakhtin in his 1934 paper Слово в романе [Slovo v romane], published in English as "Discourse in the Novel." The essay was published in English in the book The Dialogic Imagination: Four Essays by M. M. Bakhtin, translated and edited by Michael Holquis

social status and privilege as a grammatical function in many languages

Intercomprehension is when people try to communicate with each other using their own different languages. Intercomprehension can be explained as a dialogue between people from two different languages. Each one expresses in their own language, making efforts to understand each other.

Helvetisms (Neo-Latin Helvetia "Switzerland" and -ism) are features distinctive of the varieties of language spoken in Switzerland, most notably in Swiss Standard German, where they distinguish it from Standard German. The most frequent Helvetisms in German occur in vocabulary and pronunciation, but there are also some distinctive features in syntax and orthography. The French and Italian spoken in Switzerland have similar terms, which are also known as Helvetisms. Current French dictionaries, such as the Petit Larousse, include several hundred helvetisms.

socio-political movement aimed at making Urdu the universal language and symbol of the cultural and political identity of the communities of the Indian subcontinent during the British Raj

Code-mixing is the mixing of two or more languages or language varieties in speech.

campaigns to shift Chinese dialects to Standard Mandarin

Joual () is an accepted name for the linguistic features of Quebec French that are associated with the French-speaking working class in Montreal which has become a symbol of national identity for some. Joual has historically been stigmatized by some, and celebrated by others. While Joual is often considered a sociolect of the Québécois working class, many feel that perception is outdated, with Joual becoming increasingly present in the arts.

form of linguistic prescriptivism

history of terms used to describe homosexuality

language status according with UNESCO

Yeshivish (), also known as Yeshiva English, Yeshivisheh Shprach, or Yeshivisheh Reid, is a sociolect of English spoken by Yeshiva students and other Jews with a strong connection to the Orthodox Yeshiva world.

outline of words and grammatical constructions male vs female

phrase expressing affection

Translanguaging is a term that can refer to different aspects of multilingualism. It can describe the way bilinguals and multilinguals use their linguistic resources to make sense of and interact with the world around them. It can also refer to a pedagogical approach that utilizes more than one language within a classroom lesson. The term "translanguaging" was coined in the 1980s by Cen Williams (applied in Welsh as trawsieithu) in his unpublished thesis titled "An Evaluation of Teaching and Learning Methods in the Context of Bilingual Secondary Education". Williams used the term to describe t

speech characteristics common among gay men

social class-based varieties of English

given name used regardless of the person's sex

lack of confidence about one's way of speaking

Dramatism, a rhetorical theory, was developed by Kenneth Burke as a tool for analyzing human relationships through the use of language. Burke viewed dramatism from the lens of logology, which studies how people's ways of speaking shape their attitudes towards the world. According to this theory, the world is a stage where all the people present are actors and their actions parallel a drama. Burke then correlates dramatism with motivation, saying that people are "motivated" to behave in response to certain situations, similar to how actors in a play are motivated to behave or function. Burke di

hypothesis

theory that people adjust speech style to listeners

'''' () was the process of popularization of the second-person singular pronoun as a universal form of address in Sweden that took place in the late 1960s. The use of du (cognate with English thou'', French , and German ) replaced an intricate former system where people chiefly addressed each other in third person, with or without a preceding Mr./Mrs./Ms. (, or ) before the title, often omitting both surname and given name. Less respectfully, people could be addressed with Mr./Mrs./Ms. plus surname, or in a family setting, alternatively even less respectfully, with the plain name or third pers

English language words

Demarcation in Wales

people who gathered in cafes and restaurants

pronunciation of a word according to its spelling

Westsplaining (a blend word of west and the informal form -splaining of the gerund explaining) is a pejorative term that represents criticism of Western world sociopolitical views of other parts of the world. It has been used primarily in relation to Western discussions of Central and Eastern Europe and its historical and current relations with the Soviet Union and Russia.

Glottopolitics is a sociolinguistic concept coined by Jean-Baptiste Marcellesi and Louis Guespin. The concept later became a critical perspective for the study of the political in language and the linguistic in the political. Some scholars also consider it a subdisicpline of sociolinguistics.

Study of how people perceive dialects

Interdiscourse is the implicit or explicit relations that a discourse has to other discourses. Interdiscursivity is the aspect of a discourse that relates it to other discourses. Norman Fairclough prefers the concept "orders of discourse". Interdiscursivity is often mostly an analytic concept, e.g. in Foucault and Fairclough. Interdiscursivity has close affinity to recontextualisation because interdiscourse often implies that elements are imported from another discourse.

sociolinguistic phenomena

campaign in Singapore to promote Standard English over Singlish

Nosism (from Latin 'we') is the practice of using the plural pronoun we to refer to a singular subject, particularly when expressing one's personal opinion.

modifying one's foreign accent towards that of a native speaker

Schizoglossia refers to linguistic insecurity or language complex about one's native language. The term was coined by Einar Haugen in 1962.

A familect or marriage language is a set of invented words or phrases with meanings understood within members of a family or other small intimate group. Among the pioneers of research on familects is Cynthia Gordon, professor of linguistics at Georgetown University, who discussed the concept in her 2009 book Making Meanings, Creating Family. Familects fall within the intimate register of communication. Familects often gain vocabulary through the words young children create as they learn to talk, when these words are adopted by the family. Familects also gain vocabulary through slips of the ton