Tissue engineering

220px|thumb|Orthopedic implants to repair fractures to the radius and ulna. Note the visible break in the ulna. (right forearm) thumb|350px|A coronary stent — in this case a [[drug-eluting stent — is another common item implanted in humans.]]

combination of cells, engineering, and materials methods, and suitable biochemical and physicochemical factors to improve or replace biological tissues

biomaterials 3D printing

branch of translational research in tissue engineering and molecular biology dealing with the process of replacing, engineering, or regenerating biological units to (re-)establish normal function

thumb|Intestinal organoid grown from Lgr5+ stem cells

transition where an epithelial cell becomes a migratory mesenchymal cell

An organ-on-a-chip (OOC) is a multi-channel 3D microfluidic cell culture, integrated circuit (chip) that simulates the activities, mechanics and physiological response of an entire organ or an organ system. It constitutes the subject matter of significant biomedical engineering research, more precisely in bio-MEMS. The convergence of labs-on-chips (LOCs) and cell biology has permitted the study of human physiology in an organ-specific context. By acting as a more sophisticated in vitro approximation of complex tissues than standard cell culture, they provide the potential as an alternative to

printing method of creating artificial organs

thumb|upright=1.5|A Decellularized homografts|decellularized aortic homograft Decellularization (also spelled decellularisation in British English) is the process used in biomedical engineering to isolate the extracellular matrix (ECM) of a tissue from its inhabiting cells, leaving an ECM scaffold of the original tissue, which can be used in artificial organ and tissue regeneration. Organ and tissue transplantation treat a variety of medical problems, ranging from end organ failure to cosmetic surgery. One of the greatest limitations to organ transplantation derives from organ rejection caused

encapsulation of cells into semi-permeable microcapsules or microspheres

scanning probe lithography technique

The effect of high concentrations of macromolecules in living cells

American bio-engineer