Use Oxford spelling from August 2016

Geography (from Ancient Greek ; combining 'Earth' and 'write', literally 'Earth writing') is the study of the lands, features, inhabitants, and phenomena of Earth. Geography is an all-encompassing discipline that seeks an understanding of Earth and its human and natural complexities—not merely where objects are, but also how they have changed and come to be. While geography is specific to Earth, many concepts can be applied more broadly to other celestial bodies in the field of planetary science. Geography has been called "a bridge between natural science and social science disciplines."

upright=1.5|thumb|Three-sector circular flow of income diagram

Linguistics is the scientific study of language. The areas of linguistic analysis are syntax (rules governing the structure of sentences), semantics (meaning), morphology (structure of words), phonetics (speech sounds and equivalent gestures in sign languages), phonology (the abstract sound system of a particular language, and analogous systems of sign languages), and pragmatics (how the context of use contributes to meaning). Subdisciplines such as biolinguistics (the study of the biological variables and evolution of language) and psycholinguistics (the study of psychological factors in huma

Sociology is the scientific study of human society that focuses on society, human social behavior, patterns of social relationships, social interaction, and aspects of culture associated with everyday life. The term sociology was coined in the late 18th century to describe the scientific study of society. Regarded as a part of both the social sciences and humanities, sociology uses various methods of empirical investigation and critical analysis to develop a body of knowledge about social order and social change. Sociological subject matter ranges from micro-level analyses of individual intera

right|thumb|242x242px|Peter (enslaved man)|Peter, a slave from Louisiana, in 1863. The scars are the result of a whipping by his overseer.

Journalism is the production and distribution of reports on events, facts, ideas, and people that constitute the "news of the day" and inform society with a commitment to accuracy and verification. The word, a noun, applies to the occupation (professional or not), the methods of gathering information, and the organizing literary styles.

academic disciplines concerned with society and the relationships between individuals in society

scientific study of politics

Mesoamerican former civilization

biblical principles relating to ethics and worship

thumb|Gateway Arch

On 26 April 1986, reactor 4 of the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant, located near Pripyat, Ukrainian SSR, Soviet Union, exploded. With dozens of direct casualties and thousands of health complications stemming from the disaster, it is one of only two nuclear accidents rated at the maximum severity on the International Nuclear Event Scale, the other being the 2011 Fukushima nuclear accident. The response involved more than 500,000 personnel and cost an estimated 18 billion rubles. It remains the worst nuclear disaster and the most expensive disaster in history, with an estimated cost of US$700 billion.

oldest and largest of the three pyramids in the Giza Necropolis; one of the seven ancient wonders of the world

Liquorice (Commonwealth English) or licorice (American English; see spelling differences; ) is the common name of Glycyrrhiza glabra, a flowering plant of the bean family Fabaceae, from the root of which a sweet, aromatic flavouring is extracted.

fundamental interaction responsible for beta decay and nuclear fission

particle collider

Gynaecology (or gynecology in American English) is the area of medicine concerned with conditions affecting the female reproductive system. It is sometimes combined with the field of obstetrics, which focuses on pregnancy and childbirth, thereby forming the combined area of obstetrics and gynaecology (OB-GYN).

star in Centaurus constellation

thumb|right|upright=1|Auguste Comte, the founder of modern positivism

In ethical philosophy, utilitarianism is a family of normative ethical theories that prescribe actions that maximize happiness and well-being for the affected individuals. In other words, utilitarian ideas encourage actions that lead to the greatest good for the greatest number. Although different varieties of utilitarianism admit different characterizations, the basic idea that underpins them all is, in some sense, to maximize utility, which is often defined in terms of well-being or related concepts. For instance, Jeremy Bentham, the founder of utilitarianism, described utility as the capaci

technique based on carbon-14 decay to determine the age of organic materials

Structuralism is an intellectual current and methodological approach, primarily in the social sciences, that interprets elements of human culture by way of their relationship to a broader system. It works to uncover the structural patterns that underlie all things that humans do, think, perceive, and feel.

thumb|270px|The Chelsea, Manhattan|Chelsea neighbourhood of [[Manhattan in New York City]]

extrasolar planet

set in a topological space that contains an open superset of a given point or subset

NP-hard problem in combinatorial optimization

electronic systems with a continuously variable signal

Type of religious lifestyle

type of elementary particles occurring in the Standard Model

right|thumb|upright=1.5|Clockwise from top right: Amoeba proteus, Actinophrys sol, [[Acanthamoeba sp., Nuclearia thermophila., Euglypha acanthophora, neutrophil ingesting bacteria.]]

scientific activity

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perspectives in sociology and social psychology that emphasize a materialist interpretation of history, dialectical method of analysis, a critical stance toward existing social arrangements, and political program of revolution or, at least, reform

a sociological theory arguing that the stability of society is determined by functional institutions and individuals having a specific role

theory that shared understandings of the world create shared assumptions about reality

sociological theory of knowledge according to which human development is socially situated, and knowledge is constructed through interaction with others; states that people work together to actively construct artifacts

discovering chemical properties by physical simulations

set of actions that harm or lack consideration for the well-being of others

In social science, antipositivism (also interpretivism, negativism or antinaturalism) is a theoretical stance which proposes that the social realm cannot be studied with the methods of investigation utilized within the natural sciences, and that investigation of the social realm requires a different epistemology. Fundamental to that antipositivist epistemology is the belief that the concepts and language researchers use in their research shape their perceptions of the social world they are investigating and seeking to define.

moral philosophy principle

In micro-sociology, interactionism is a theoretical perspective that sees social behavior as an interactive product of the individual and the situation. In other words, it derives social processes (such as conflict, cooperation, identity formation) from social interaction, whereby subjectively held meanings are integral to explaining or understanding social behavior.

subset of economics

set of vertices adjacent to a given vertex in a graph

Postpositivism or postempiricism is a metatheoretical stance that critiques and amends positivism and has impacted theories and practices across philosophy, social sciences, and various models of scientific inquiry. While positivists emphasize independence between the researcher and the researched person (or object), postpositivists argue that theories, hypotheses, background knowledge and values of the researcher can influence what is observed. Postpositivists pursue objectivity by recognizing the possible effects of biases. While positivists emphasize quantitative methods, postpositivists co

The word aeon , also spelled eon (in American and Australian English), originally meant "life", "vital force" or "being", "generation" or "a period of time", though it tended to be translated as "age" in the sense of "ages", "forever", "timeless" or "for eternity". It is a Latin transliteration from the ancient Greek word ('), from the archaic (') meaning "century". In Greek, it literally refers to the timespan of one hundred years. A cognate Latin word '' (cf. ) for "age" is present in words such as eternal, longevity and mediaeval''.

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journalism genre

classification

painting by Francisco de Goya