Xanthine oxidase inhibitors

thumb|Propolis, produced by the western honey bee (Apis mellifera) thumb|200px|Two bars from a top bar hive that the bees have glued together using propolis. Separating the bars will take some effort as the propolis has hardened. thumb|200px|Propolis on the upper bar

In biochemistry, medicine, and related sciences, inositol generally refers to '''myo-inositol (formerly meso-inositol'), the most important stereoisomer of the chemical compound cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol. Its formula is ; the molecule has a ring of six carbon atoms, each with a hydrogen atom and a hydroxy group (–OH). In myo''-inositol, two of the hydroxyls, neither adjacent nor opposite, lie above the respective hydrogens relative to the mean plane of the ring.

Allopurinol is a medication used to decrease high blood uric acid levels. It is specifically used to prevent gout, prevent specific types of kidney stones and for the high uric acid levels that can occur with chemotherapy. It is taken orally (by mouth) or intravenously (injected into a vein).

chemical compound

Cinnamaldehyde is an organic compound with the formula or . Occurring naturally as predominantly the trans (E) isomer, it gives cinnamon its flavor and odor. It is a phenylpropanoid that is naturally synthesized by the shikimate pathway. This pale yellow, viscous liquid occurs in the bark of cinnamon trees and other species of the genus Cinnamomum. It is an found in high concentrations in cinanamon essential oil.

thumb|right|class=skin-invert-image|UV visible spectrum of quercetin, with lambda max at 369 nm

chemical compound

Kaempferol (3,4′,5,7-tetrahydroxyflavone) is a natural flavonol, a type of flavonoid, found in a variety of plants and plant-derived foods, including kale, beans, tea, spinach, and broccoli. It is also found in propolis extracts. Kaempferol is a yellow crystalline solid with a melting point of . It is slightly soluble in water and highly soluble in hot ethanol, ethers, and DMSO. Kaempferol is named for 17th-century German naturalist Engelbert Kaempfer.

Febuxostat, sold under the brand name Uloric among others, is a medication used long-term to treat gout due to high uric acid levels. It is generally recommended only for people who cannot take allopurinol. It is taken by mouth.

Myricetin is a member of the flavonoid class of polyphenolic compounds, with antioxidant properties. Common dietary sources include vegetables (including tomatoes), fruits (including oranges), nuts, berries, tea, and red wine.

Benzbromarone is a uricosuric agent and weak non-competitive inhibitor of xanthine oxidase used in the treatment of gout. It is a brominated analogue of withdrawn uricosuric benziodarone and benzarone, and is structurally related to the antiarrhythmic amiodarone.

Oxipurinol (INN, or oxypurinol USAN) is an inhibitor of xanthine oxidase. It is an active metabolite of allopurinol and it is cleared renally. In cases of renal disease, this metabolite will accumulate to toxic levels. By inhibiting xanthine oxidase, it reduces uric acid production. High serum uric acid levels may result in gout, kidney stones, and other medical conditions.

species of plant

Tisopurine (or thiopurinol) is a drug used in the treatment of gout in some countries. It reduces uric acid production through inhibiting an early stage in its production.

Substance that decreases activity of xanthine oxidase, an enzyme involved in purine metabolism

Topiroxostat (INN; trade names Topiloric, Uriadec) is a drug for the treatment of gout and hyperuricemia. It was approved for use in Japan in June 2013.