石墨

Also known as graphite-2H, graphite-3R, black lead, mineral carbon, plumbago, silver graphite, Silver graphite

thumbGraphite () is a crystalline allotrope (form) of the element carbon. It consists of many stacked layers of graphene, typically in excess of hundreds of layers. Graphite occurs naturally and is the most stable form of carbon under standard conditions. Synthetic and natural graphite are consumed on a large scale (1.3million metric tons per year in 2022) for uses in many critical industries including refractories (50%), lithium-ion batteries (18%), foundries (10%), and lubricants (5%), among others (17%). Graphite converts to diamond under extremely high pressure and temperature. Graphite's

AI overview

Graphite is a naturally occurring crystalline form of carbon made up of many stacked layers of graphene, and it is the most stable form of carbon under normal conditions. It is widely used across many industries—particularly in refractories, lithium-ion batteries, foundries, and lubricants—with over 1.3 million metric tons consumed annually worldwide.

AI-generated from the Wikipedia summary — may contain errors.

Key facts

Mineral.name: Graphite
Mineral.category: Native mineral
Mineral.image: Graphite-233436.jpg
Mineral.imagesize: 170px
Mineral.caption: Graphite specimen
Mineral.formula: C
Mineral.IMAsymbol: Gr
Mineral.strunz: 1.CB.05a
Mineral.system: Hexagonal or Rhombohedral
Mineral.class: Dihexagonal dipyramidal (6/mmm) Hermann–Mauguin notation: (6/m 2/m 2/m)
Mineral.symmetry: P63mc (buckled) P63/mmc (flat)
Mineral.unit cell: a = 2.461, c = 6.708 [Å]; Z = 4
Mineral.color: Iron-black to steel-gray; deep blue in transmitted light
Mineral.habit: Tabular, six-sided foliated masses, granular to compacted masses
Mineral.twinning: Present
Mineral.cleavage: Basal – perfect on {0001}
Mineral.fracture: Flaky, otherwise rough when not on cleavage
Mineral.tenacity: Flexible non-elastic, sectile

via Wikipedia infobox

Research

53,963 papers

Graphite Carbon Nitride and Its Composites for Medicine and Health Applications.ReviewChemistry, an Asian journal · 2021Zhang JR, Kan YS, Gu LL et al.DOI: 10.1002/asia.202100499
Molecular patterns of oligopeptide hydrocarbons on graphite.Colloids and surfaces. B, Biointerfaces · 2021Barinov NA, Tolstova AP, Bersenev EA et al.DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2021.111921
Valorization of Industrial Waste Graphite Fines into Graphene Oxide-Based Nanohybrids.ChemPlusChem · 2025Subrati M, Lyra KM, Spyrou K et al.DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202400692
Studying disorder in graphite-based systems by Raman spectroscopy.ReviewPhysical chemistry chemical physics : PCCP · 2007Pimenta MA, Dresselhaus G, Dresselhaus MS et al.DOI: 10.1039/b613962k
Recent Advances in Preparation, Structure, Properties and Applications of Graphite Oxide.ReviewJournal of nanoscience and nanotechnology · 2015Srivastava SK, Pionteck JDOI: 10.1166/jnn.2015.10047
Life cycle assessment of synthetic graphite: inventories and impact assessment.Environmental science and pollution research international · 2025Mayanti BDOI: 10.1007/s11356-025-37288-1
Voronoi-Tessellated Graphite Produced by Low-Temperature Catalytic Graphitization from Renewable Resources.ChemSusChem · 2017Zhao L, Zhao X, Burke LT et al.DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201701211
Sustainable conversion of biomass to rationally designed lithium-ion battery graphite.Scientific reports · 2022Banek NA, McKenzie KR Jr, Abele DT et al.DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-11853-x

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Article · 中文

石墨（Graphite），又稱黑鉛（Black Lead），是碳的一種同素異形體（碳的其他同素異形體有很多，為人熟悉的例如鑽石）。作为最軟的礦物之一，石墨不透明且觸感油膩，顏色由鐵黑到鋼鐵灰不等，形狀可呈晶體狀、薄片狀、鱗狀、條紋狀、層狀體，或散佈在變質岩（由煤、碳質岩石或碳質沉積物，受到區域變質作用或是岩漿侵入作用形成）之中。化學性質不活潑，具有耐腐蝕性。

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石墨

Key facts

Research

Article · 中文

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