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rodents
Rodentia
ORDER
啮齿目松鼠科的花栗鼠 嚙齒目是哺乳動物中的一目,其特徵為上頜和下頜各兩顆會持續生長的門牙,嚙齒目動物必須通過啃咬來不斷磨短這兩對門牙。[1][2] 哺乳動物中百分之四十的物種都屬於嚙齒目,而且在除了南極洲的其他所有大陸上都可以找到其大量的蹤跡。一般常見的嚙齒目動物有老鼠、松鼠、花栗鼠、囊鼠、豪豬、河狸、倉鼠、沙鼠、豚鼠、八齒鼠、毛絲鼠、草原犬鼠和美洲旱獺。[1]嚙齒目有尖銳的門牙,可以用來啃咬樹幹、咬碎食物和咬擊掠食者。大多數的嚙齒目動物以種子或植物為食,但也有少數以昆蟲或甚至魚類為食。一些物種在歷史上被視為害兽,會偷吃人類的儲糧和傳播疾病。 目录 1 尺寸和範圍 2 特徵 2.1 牙齒 2.2 體形 2.3 生態和人類的利用 3 演化 4 分類 5 參考文獻 6 延伸閱讀 7 外部链接 尺寸和範圍 以物種種類(但不一定在數量上)來看,嚙齒目組成哺乳動物中最大的一目。嚙齒目有約2277個物種[3],佔了哺乳動物物種數量的百分之四十以上。[4]其優勢可能是基於其較小的身體、較短的生育週期和能夠啃咬及食用多樣的食物。[5] 嚙食目在除了南極洲的其他所有大陸和大多數的島嶼中都可以找到其大量的蹤跡,且棲息在除了大海的其他所有地方。嚙食目是真獸下綱(除了蝙蝠和鰭足類)中唯一不經由人類引入而到達澳洲的動物。 特徵 牙齒 典型嚙齒目的牙齒系統 嚙齒目動物在其上下顎各有一對門牙,這對門牙會不斷地生長,且必須靠咬嚙來將其持續磨短;而這也是「嚙齒目」這一名稱的由來。嚙齒目的英文學名Rodent就是來自拉丁文rodere(啃)[6][7]。這些牙齒可用來切斷樹幹、咬開果實外皮或做為防衛用途。嚙齒目動物的牙齒外面有琺瑯質,裡面有外露的象牙質,所以可以在咬嚙之間自行磨尖。嚙齒目動物沒有犬牙,在門牙和前臼齒中間留有縫隙。幾乎所有的嚙齒目動物都以植物為食,尤其是以種子為食,但也有少數例外,會吃昆蟲或魚類。一些松鼠甚至會吃如主紅雀科和藍松鴉等雀形目的鳥類。 體形 水豚,現存最大的嚙齒目動物,可重達65公斤。 許多的嚙齒目動物都很小:南非小家鼠的成鼠只會長至6公分長及7公克重,西南亞侏儒跳鼠也有相似或稍小的尺寸。但另一方面,亦有少許嚙齒目動物如水豚可重達80公斤[8],而已知最大的嚙齒目動物,已滅絕的莫尼西鼠(Josephoartigasia monesi)則估計重約1000公斤,且可能重達1534公斤[9]或2586公斤[10]。 生態和人類的利用 嚙齒目在許多生態系統之中都很重要,因為它們繁延迅速,且可做為食肉動物的食物來源、植物傳播的途徑和疾病的傳染媒介。人類把嚙齒目動物用來做為毛皮的來源、寵物、動物實驗的模式生物和食物,甚至還會用來測試地雷。[11] 非嚙齒目的其他目,如翼手目(蝙蝠)、樹鼩目(樹鼩)、食蟲目(鼹鼠、鼩鼱和刺蝟)、兔形目(野兔、兔和鼠兔)和食肉目中的鼬科(鼬鼠和水貂)
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Rodents (from Latin , 'gnawing') are a group of mammals characterized by a single pair of continuously growing incisors in each of the upper and lower jaws. About 40% of all mammal species belong to the order Rodentia ( or ). They are native to all major landmasses except Antarctica and several oceanic islands, though they have subsequently been introduced to most of these landmasses by human activity.
Rodents are extremely diverse in their ecology and lifestyles and can be found in almost every terrestrial habitat, including human-made environments. Species can be arboreal, fossorial (burrowing), saltatorial/ricochetal (leaping on their hind legs), or semiaquatic. However, all rodents share several morphological features, including having only a single upper and lower pair of ever-growing incisors. Well-known rodents include mice, rats, squirrels, prairie dogs, porcupines, beavers, guinea pigs, and hamsters. Rodentia and Lagomorpha (rabbits, hares, and pikas) are sister groups, sharing a single common ancestor and forming the clade of Glires. Lagomorphs also have incisors that grow continuously, but are distinguished by an extra pair of incisors on the upper jaw.
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Discovered by embedding cosine similarity (sentence-transformers MiniLM, 384-dim).