Romanism

thumb|Drawing depicting John Dowling (pastor)|Pastor John Dowling authoring his book The History of Romanism. Romanism is a derogatory term for Roman Catholicism used when anti-Catholicism was more common in the United States. The word was first attested in 1603.

The term was frequently used in late-nineteenth and early-twentieth century Republican invectives against the Democrats, as part of the slogan "Rum, Romanism, and Rebellion" (referencing the Democratic Party's constituency of Southerners and anti-Temperance, frequently Catholic, working-class immigrants). A book titled "The Three Keys to Hell; or, Rum, Romanism and Ruin" was published in 1915. The term and slogan gained particular prominence in the 1884 presidential campaign and again in 1928, in which the Democratic candidate was the outspokenly anti-Prohibition Catholic Governor of New York Al Smith.