Sogdian
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Sogdian was an ancient language spoken in Central Asia that belonged to the Iranian language family and is no longer used today. It was an important language for trade and communication along the Silk Road, making it significant for understanding the history of cultural exchange in that region.
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The Sogdian language (Sogdian: swγδyk) was an Eastern Iranian language spoken mainly in the Central Asian region of Sogdia (capital: Samarkand; other chief cities: Panjakent, Fergana, Khujand, and Bukhara), located in modern-day Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan; it was also spoken by some Sogdian immigrant communities in ancient China. Sogdian is one of the most important Middle Iranian languages, along with Bactrian, Khotanese Saka, Middle Persian, and Parthian. It possesses a large literary corpus. The Sogdian language was the most important lingua franca of Mongolia, China, and Inner Asia, and one of the official languages of first Turkic khanate and also a lingua franca during Uyghur khanate.
The Sogdian language is usually assigned to a Northeastern group of the Iranian languages. No direct evidence of an earlier version of the language ("Old Sogdian") has been found, although mention of the area in the Old Persian inscriptions means that a separate and recognisable Sogdia existed at least since the Achaemenid Empire (559–323 BCE).