Caliphates

third Islamic caliphate (750–1258)

A caliphate ( ) is an institution or public office under the leadership of an Islamic steward with the title of caliph (; , ), a person considered a political–religious successor to the Islamic prophet Muhammad and a leader of the entire Muslim world (ummah). Historically, the caliphates were polities based on Islam which developed into multi-ethnic trans-national empires.

second Islamic caliphate (661–750 CE)

Shia Islamic caliphate (909–1171)

first caliphate established after the death of the Islamic prophet Muhammad (632–661)

1121–1269 Berber empire in North Africa and Iberia

The fourth and last Islamic caliphate (1517–1924)

historical African empire that existed from 1380 to 1893

1880s state in Africa

Arab caliphate proclaimed by the Sharifian rulers of Hejaz in 1924

headship of the Ahmadiyya community

Abolition of the last remnant of the former monarchy in Turkey on 3 March 1924 by the Turkish Grand National Assembly

verse of the Quran, exhorting believers to obey God, the Prophet, and those of authority