Chemistry

Chemistry is the scientific study of the properties and behavior of matter. It is a physical science within the natural sciences that studies the chemical elements that make up matter and compounds made of atoms, molecules and ions: their composition, structure, properties, behavior and the changes they undergo during reactions with other substances. Chemistry also addresses the nature of chemical bonds in chemical compounds.

Atoms are the basic particles of the chemical elements and the fundamental building blocks of matter. An atom consists of a nucleus of protons and generally neutrons, surrounded by an electromagnetically bound swarm of electrons. The chemical elements are distinguished from each other by the number of protons that are in their atoms. For example, any atom that contains 11 protons is sodium, and any atom that contains 29 protons is copper. Atoms with the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons are called isotopes of the same element.

species of atoms having the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus and the same chemical properties, but not necessarily the same mass, or the same stability (or half-lifetime if they are unstable)

thumb|Atomic force microscopy (AFM) image of a PTCDA molecule, in which the five six-carbon rings are visible thumb|A scanning tunneling microscopy image of [[pentacene molecules, which consist of linear chains of five carbon rings]] thumb|AFM image of 1,5,9-trioxo-13-azatriangulene and its chemical structure

subdiscipline within chemistry involving the scientific study of carbon-based compounds, hydrocarbons, and their derivatives

pure chemical substance consisting of two or more different chemical elements

process that results in the interconversion of chemical species

thumb|300x300px|From left to right: three alloys (beryllium copper, [[Inconel, steel) and three pure metals (titanium, aluminium, magnesium)]] An alloy is a mixture of chemical elements of which in most cases at least one is a metallic element, although it is also sometimes used for mixtures of elements; herein only metallic alloys are described. Metallic alloys often have properties that differ from those of the pure elements from which they are made. The vast majority of metals used for commercial purposes are alloyed to improve their properties or behavior, such as increased strength, hardn

thumb|A crystalline solid: atomic resolution image of strontium titanate. Brighter spots are columns of [[strontium atoms and darker ones are titanium-oxygen columns.]] thumb|Octahedral and tetrahedral interstitial sites in a face centered cubic structure thumb|Kikuchi lines (physics)|Kikuchi lines in an [[electron backscatter diffraction pattern of monocrystalline silicon, taken at 20 kV with a field-emission electron source]]

In chemistry, a mixture is a material made up of two or more different chemical substances which can be separated by physical method. It is an impure substance made up of two or more elements or compounds mechanically mixed together in any proportion. A mixture is the physical combination of two or more substances in which the identities are retained and are mixed in the form of solutions, suspensions or colloids.

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thumb|193x193px|Diamond and [[graphite are two allotropes of carbon: pure forms of the same element that differ in crystalline structure.]]

model of chemical reaction in form of a written equation

thumb|right|Fluorescent minerals emit visible spectrum|visible light when exposed to [[ultraviolet.]] thumb|Fluorescent marine organisms right|thumb|Fluorescent clothes used in black light theatre production, [[Prague]]

thumb|Photochemical immersion well reactor (50 mL) with a mercury-vapor lamp

technique in chemistry

scientific study of the chemical and biochemical phenomena that occur in natural places

thumb|Infographic showing the theorized origin of the chemical elements that make up the human body Astrochemistry is the interdisciplinary scientific study of the abundance and reactions of molecules in space and their interaction with radiation. The discipline overlaps with astronomy and chemistry. The term may refer to studies within both the Solar System and the interstellar medium. The investigation of elemental abundances and isotope ratios in Solar System materials, such as meteorites, is known as cosmochemistry, while the study of interstellar atoms and molecules and their interaction

homogeneous mixture of substances that melts or solidifies at a single temperature that is lower than the melting point of either of the constituents

area of chemistry and chemical engineering focused on minimizing hazardous substances

branch of atmospheric science

domain of chemistry beyond that of molecules that focuses on the chemical systems made up of a discrete number of assembled molecular subunits or components

Phytochemistry is the study of phytochemicals, which are chemicals derived from plants. Phytochemists strive to describe the structures of the large number of secondary metabolites found in plants, the functions of these compounds in human and plant biology, and the biosynthesis of these compounds. Plants synthesize phytochemicals for many reasons, including to protect themselves against insect attacks and plant diseases. The compounds found in plants are of many kinds, but most can be grouped into four major biosynthetic classes: alkaloids, phenylpropanoids, polyketides, and terpenoids.

thumb|right|Triboluminescence of nicotine -salicylate Triboluminescence is a phenomenon in which light is generated when a material is mechanically pulled apart, ripped, scratched, crushed, or rubbed (see tribology). The phenomenon is not fully understood but appears in most cases to be caused by the separation and reunification of static electric charges, see also triboelectric effect. The term comes from the Greek τρίβειν ("to rub"; see tribology) and the Latin lumen (light). Triboluminescence can be observed when breaking sugar crystals and peeling adhesive tapes.

chemical compound or substance produced by a living organism, found in nature

application of chemical techniques, analysis, and often small molecules produced through synthetic chemistry, to the study and manipulation of biological systems

physical science using physics and physical chemistry for the study of biological systems

In thermodynamics, nucleation is the first step in the formation of either a new thermodynamic phase or structure via self-assembly or self-organization within a substance or mixture. Nucleation is typically defined to be the process that determines how long an observer has to wait before the new phase or self-organized structure appears. For example, if a volume of water is cooled (at atmospheric pressure) significantly below 0°C, it will tend to freeze into ice, but volumes of water cooled only a few degrees below 0°C often stay completely free of ice for long periods (supercooling). At thes

the study of how to reconcile inconsistencies among other fields of science & chemistry

Magnetochemistry is concerned with the magnetic properties of chemical compounds and elements. Magnetic properties arise from the spin and orbital angular momentum of the electrons contained in a compound. Compounds are diamagnetic when they contain no unpaired electrons. Molecular compounds that contain one or more unpaired electrons are paramagnetic. The magnitude of the paramagnetism is expressed as an effective magnetic moment, μeff. For first-row transition metals the magnitude of μeff is, to a first approximation, a simple function of the number of unpaired electrons, the spin-only formu

forensic application of the study of chemistry

in chemistry

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oxygen produced in obscurity

chemical term

Mechanochemistry (or mechanical chemistry) is the initiation of chemical reactions by mechanical phenomena. Mechanochemistry thus represents a fourth way to cause chemical reactions, complementing thermal reactions in fluids, photochemistry, and electrochemistry. Conventionally mechanochemistry focuses on the transformations of covalent bonds by mechanical force. Not covered by the topic are many phenomena: phase transitions, dynamics of biomolecules (docking, folding), and sonochemistry. Mechanochemistry also encompasses mechanophores which are molecules that undergo predictable changes in re

form of analytical chemistry where most analyzing is done in the liquid phase

term describing the central role chemistry plays in the relationships between scientific disciplines

branch of chemistry

collection of chemicals

direct mutual attraction between particles (atoms or molecules) via van der Waals forces or chemical bonding

secret, illegal production of chemical products such as drugs and explosives

Superplasticizers (SPs), also known as high-range water reducers (HRWRs), are additives used for making high-strength concrete or to place self-compacting concrete. Plasticizers are chemical compounds enabling the production of concrete with approximately 15% less water content. Superplasticizers allow reduction in water content by 30% or more. These additives are employed at the level of a few weight percent. Plasticizers and superplasticizers also retard the setting and hardening of concrete.

solid ionic conductor electrolyte and is the characteristic component of the solid-state battery

related chemicals

branch of nuclear chemistry

waste product of solar salt operations rich in magnesium sulfate

chemical mixture in water solution

In aquatic toxicology, bioconcentration is the accumulation of a water-borne chemical substance in an organism exposed to the water.

chemical compound

pursuit of chemistry as a hobby

set of processes for obtaining iron from iron ore

Chemoproteomics (also known as chemical proteomics) entails a broad array of techniques used to identify and interrogate protein-small molecule interactions. Chemoproteomics complements phenotypic drug discovery, a paradigm that aims to discover lead compounds on the basis of alleviating a disease phenotype, as opposed to target-based drug discovery (reverse pharmacology), in which lead compounds are designed to interact with predetermined disease-driving biological targets. As phenotypic drug discovery assays do not provide confirmation of a compound's mechanism of action, chemoproteomics pro

analytical method and teaching method

Landolt–Börnstein is a collection of property data in materials science and the closely related fields of chemistry, physics and engineering published by Springer Nature. thumb

chemical elements not bound to other elements or compounds

type of chemistry that uses reactions at ambient temperature in open reaction vessels

One-carbon molecule chemical processes