Developmental neuroscience

comprehensive system of ideas about learning in acquisition of human intelligence

protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens

mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens

Reelin, encoded by the RELN gene, is a large secreted extracellular matrix glycoprotein that helps regulate processes of neuronal migration and positioning in the developing brain by controlling cell–cell interactions. Besides this important role in early development, reelin continues to work in the adult brain. It modulates synaptic plasticity by enhancing the induction and maintenance of long-term potentiation. It also stimulates dendrite and dendritic spine development in the hippocampus, and regulates the continuing migration of neuroblasts generated in adult neurogenesis sites of the subv

The ependyma is the thin neuroepithelial (simple columnar ciliated epithelium) lining of the ventricular system of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord. The ependyma is one of the four types of neuroglia in the central nervous system (CNS). It is involved in the production of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and is shown to serve as a reservoir for neuroregeneration.

Synaptogenesis is the formation of synapses between neurons in the nervous system. Although it occurs throughout a healthy person's lifespan, an explosion of synapse formation occurs during early brain development, known as exuberant synaptogenesis. Synaptogenesis is particularly important during an individual's critical period, during which there is a certain degree of synaptic pruning due to competition for neural growth factors by neurons and synapses. Processes that are not used, or inhibited during their critical period will fail to develop normally later on in life.

the process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state

process of synapse elimination that occurs between early childhood and the onset of puberty

phenomenon of the nervous system

bipolar-shaped cell; spans the width of the cortex in the developing vertebrate central nervous system (CNS),serves as primary progenitor cells capable of generating neurons,astrocytes,oligodendrocytes; primary neural stem cell of the mammalian brain

artificially grown miniature organ resembling the brain

chemotaxis process that directs the migration of an axon growth cone to a specific target site

protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

mostly embryonic cell that guides radial neuronal migration

mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens

effect of stimulating physical and social surroundings on the brain

one path that neuronal stem cells travel along to reach the olfactory bulb

Paired region outside the lateral ventricles of the brain

migrating motile tip of a growing nerve cell axon or dendrite

Neuregulins are a family of four structurally related proteins that are part of the EGF family of proteins. These proteins have been shown to have diverse functions in the development of the nervous system and play multiple essential roles in vertebrate embryogenesis including: cardiac development, Schwann cell and oligodendrocyte differentiation, some aspects of neuronal development, as well as the formation of neuromuscular synapses.

Neurotrophin-3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NTF3 gene.

thumb|400px|Gyrification in the human brain Gyrification is the process of forming the characteristic folds of the cerebral cortex. The peak of such a fold is called a gyrus (pl. gyri), and its trough is called a sulcus (pl. sulci). The neurons of the cerebral cortex reside in a thin layer of gray matter, only 2–4 mm thick, at the surface of the brain. Much of the interior volume is occupied by white matter, which consists of long axonal projections to and from the cortical neurons residing near the surface. Gyrification allows a larger cortical surface area, and hence greater cognitive f

cells of epithelial origin with specialized sensory function

mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens

Agrin is a large proteoglycan whose best-characterised role is in the development of the neuromuscular junction during embryogenesis. Agrin is named based on its involvement in the aggregation of acetylcholine receptors during synaptogenesis. In humans, this protein is encoded by the AGRN gene.

protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

timeline of the development of the human brain

thumb|240px|Netrin 1 knockout disrupts thalamocortical projections topography in the mouse brain. From Powell et al., 2008. Netrins are a class of proteins involved in axon guidance. They are named after the Sanskrit word "netr", which means "one who guides". Netrins are genetically conserved across nematode worms, fruit flies, frogs, mice, and humans. Structurally, netrin resembles the extracellular matrix protein laminin.

generating of neurons from neural stem cells in adults

brain changes from parental experience and hormones

developmental brain structure

emerging field combining computer science and biology that studies biological computing using 3D brain cell cultures (organoids) and brain-machine interfaces