Enclaves and exclaves

Vatican City, officially the Vatican City State, often shortened as the Vatican, is a landlocked sovereign city-state. Ruled by the pope, it is an enclave within the city of Rome, Italy, and serves as the administrative centre of the Catholic Church. Vatican City is governed by the See of Rome, commonly known as the Holy See, itself a sovereign entity under international law, which maintains its temporal power, governance, diplomacy, and spiritual independence. Vatican is also used as a metonym for the Holy See, which is the central governing body of the Catholic Church and Vatican City, comprising the pope and the Roman Curia. The independent state of Vatican City came into existence in 1929 via the Lateran Treaty between the Holy See and the Kingdom of Italy, which spoke of it as a creation, not as a vestige of the much larger Papal States (756–1870), which had previously encompassed much of Central Italy.

Lesotho ( , ), officially the Kingdom of Lesotho and formerly known as Basutoland, is a landlocked country in Southern Africa. Entirely surrounded by South Africa, it is the largest of only three sovereign enclaves in the world, the others being San Marino and Vatican City, which are surrounded by Italy. Lesotho is situated in the Maloti Mountains and contains the highest peak in Southern Africa. It has an area of over and has a population of about 2.3 million. Its capital and largest city is Maseru.

Alaska ( ) is a non-contiguous U.S. state located in the northwestern regions of North America. Part of the Western United States region, it is one of the two non-contiguous U.S. states, alongside Hawaii. Alaska is considered to be the northernmost, westernmost, and, longitudinally, the easternmost state in the United States. It is a semi-exclave of the U.S., bordering the Canadian territory of Yukon and the province of British Columbia to the east. It shares a western maritime border in the Bering Strait with Russia's Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, and is closer to another continent (Asia) than a

thumb|An aerial view thumb|Gibraltar from the air, looking north-west

French overseas department and region in South America

The Gaza Strip, also known simply as Gaza, is the smaller of the two Palestinian territories that make up the State of Palestine in the Southern Levant region of West Asia. Gaza is bordered by Egypt on the southwest, Israel on the east and north, and the Mediterranean Sea to the west. Its capital and largest city is Gaza City.

Melilla (, ; ) is an autonomous city of Spain on the North African coast. It lies on the eastern side of the Cape Three Forks, bordering Morocco and facing the Mediterranean Sea. It has an area of . It was part of the province of Málaga until 14 March 1995, when the Statute of Autonomy of Melilla was passed.

Ceuta (, , ; ) is an autonomous city of Spain on the North African coast. Bordered by Morocco, it lies along the boundary between the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. Ceuta is one of the special member state territories of the European Union.

exclave of Russia sandwiched between Poland and Lithuania

autonomous republic of Azerbaijan

province of Argentina

province of Angola

comune and exclave of Italy, surrounded by Switzerland

thumb|right|Ruins of Llívia Castle, destroyed by French forces in the Catalan Civil War thumb|right|upright|Frederic Bernades street, early 1900s thumb|right|Esteve Pharmacy museum Llívia (; ) is a town in the comarca of Cerdanya, province of Girona, Catalonia, Spain. It is a Spanish enclave surrounded by the French département of Pyrénées-Orientales. It is named after Livia, the wife of Augustus and matriarch of the Julio-Claudian dynasty. Because of a technicality in the Treaty of the Pyrenees, signed in 1659, that transferred only "villages" in the Pyrenees to France, Llívia, which was a "t

former non-contiguous province of Pakistan

county in Croatia

265px|thumb|Topographic map of the municipality of Baarle-Nassau, June 2015

village of Baden-Württemberg, Germany, enclaved in the canton of Schaffhausen, Switzerland

Spanish territories along the northern African coast

Spanish peninsula claimed by Morocco

part of Malaysia located on the island of Borneo

'''''' (; , ) is a Flemish municipality of Belgium, much of which consists of a number of small Belgian exclaves fully surrounded by the Netherlands.

governorate of Oman

Oecusse, also known as Oecusse-Ambeno (; ) and formerly just Ambeno, is an exclave, municipality (formerly a district) and the only Special Administrative Region (SAR) of Timor-Leste.

district of Brunei

district of Tyrol, Austria

Valdeande is a Spanish municipality in the province of Burgos in the autonomous community of Castile and León.

Artsvashen () or Bashkend (; ) is a de jure Armenian village in the Chambarak Municipality of the Gegharkunik Province of Armenia. It is a exclave of Armenia, and is surrounded by the territory of Azerbaijan, whose forces have captured and occupied it since the First Nagorno-Karabakh War in 1992. There are ongoing border delimiting talks regarding the return of Artsvashen and other occupied sovereign territories back to Armenia, but the issue has yet to be resolved.

geographic descriptions of territories

mainland geographical region of Equatorial Guinea

{|class="infobox wikitable" |- ! !Baarle-Nassau !Baarle-Hertog |- |Country |Netherlands |Belgium |- |Province |North Brabant |Antwerp |- |Commune |Baarle-Nassau |Baarle-Hertog |- |Area | | |- |Population |6668 |2592 |- |Density | | |- |Time zone |colspan="2"|CET (UTC+01:00), CEST (UTC+02:00) |- |Postal code |5111 |2387 |- |Area code |013 |014 |- |House numbers |100px|House number in 'Nassau' |100px|House number in 'Hertog' |- |Website | | |- |colspan="3" style="text-align: center;"|260px |}

Madha () is an exclave of Oman entirely surrounded by the United Arab Emirates (UAE). Administratively, it is a province (wilayah) belonging to the Musandam Governorate.

Bophuthatswana (, ), officially the Republic of Bophuthatswana (; ), colloquially referred to as the Bop and by outsiders as Jigsawland (In reference to its enclave-ridden borders) was a Bantustan (also known as "Homeland", an area set aside for members of a specific ethnicity) that was declared (nominally) independent by the apartheid regime of South Africa in 1977. However, like the other Bantustans of Ciskei, Transkei and Venda, its independence was not recognized by any country other than South Africa.

enclave of a language

district of Malawi

unrecognized state of the ethnic Wa peoples located within Myanmar

Jungholz () is a village in the district of Reutte in the Austrian state of Tyrol that is only accessible via Germany. The lack of a road connection to anywhere else in Austria led to Jungholz being included in the German customs area before Austria joined the EU in 1995. It also used the instead of the Austrian schilling as currency until 2002, when the euro took over. Letters to Jungholz can be addressed with either a German or an Austrian postal code.

village in the Qazakh District of Azerbaijan

village in the Sadarak district of Azerbaijan

Nahwa is a territory that forms part of the Emirate of Sharjah in the United Arab Emirates. It is a counter-enclave (or second-order enclave) within the Omani territory of Madha, which is itself an exclave of Oman and an enclave within the United Arab Emirates.

Barkhudarly (; ) is an abandoned Azerbaijani village in the Qazakh District of Azerbaijan, under the de facto control of Armenia. Sofulu and Barxudarlı, together, form a exclave of Azerbaijan surrounded by Armenia's Tavush Province.

island in Malawi

Argentine island enclaved within the Uruguayan waters of the Río de la Plata

province of Bolivia

thumb|Sankovo-Medvezhye enclave

Kleinwalsertal is a valley in the Austrian province of Vorarlberg and part of the Bregenz district. It includes the municipality of Mittelberg and consists of three villages along the River Breitach. Due to the geographic location in the Allgäu Alps with its alpine terrain, the Kleinwalsertal has no direct traffic connection to the rest of Vorarlberg. It is accessible only via Oberstdorf, Germany, to the north, and thus is an Austrian "practical exclave" or "pene-exclave".

Mainland is defined as "relating to or forming the main part of a country or continent, not including the islands around it [regardless of status under territorial jurisdiction by an entity]." The term is often politically, economically and/or demographically more significant than politically associated remote territories, such as exclaves or oceanic islands situated outside the continental shelf.

enclaves along the Bangladesh–India border

county in Hebei, China

thumb|right|Vennbahn Map showing current Belgium–Germany border|Belgian-German border. The pre-1958 border southeast of Roetgen differed. The '''''' (, "Fen Railway") is a former railway line that was built partly across what was then German territory by the Prussian state railways. It is now entirely in Belgium, because the trackbed of the line, as well as the stations and other installations, were made provisional Belgian territory in 1919 (permanent in 1922) under an article of the Treaty of Versailles.

village in the Qazakh District of Azerbaijan

human settlement in Pechorsky District, Pskov Oblast, Russia

Tourém is a village and parish (freguesia) in the municipality of Montalegre in the far north of Portugal. The main part of the territory of the parish stretches as a small peninsula of Portuguese land within Spanish territory. The northern extremity of the parish is separated from the rest of the Parish and, therefore, the rest of Portugal by a lake in the Salas River in Spanish territory, making it an exclave. The parish has an area of 16,61 km² and 112 inhabitants (2021).

ensanche in Melilla, Spain

thumb|300px|Allocation of land to Bantustans (orange) according to the Odendaal Plan. The protected areas and national parks are grey, the white-administered Police Zone is green. Namaland is the homeland in the South.

French WW2 government-in-exile in Germany

Wikimedia list article

European spheres of influence in China

Wikimedia list article