Endocrinology

thumb|300px|Left: A hormone feedback loop in a female adult human Right: Auxin transport from leaves to roots in [[Arabidopsis thaliana]]

thumb|right|Тhe changes in ovarian hormones throughout the human lifespan. During childhood, hormone levels are low. During puberty, estrogen begins to fluctuate, followed by progesterone when you first begin ovulating. After 6-12 years the menstrual cycle normalizes into a rhythm during the menstrual years, barring any reproductive health issues or pregnancy and breastfeeding, which pauses the cycling. Perimenopause, similar to puberty, has high fluctuations of estrogen as progesterone slowly begins to decline. Eventually, a person stops ovulating, reaches menopause, and hormones return to ch

Endocrinology (from endocrine + -ology) is a branch of biology and medicine dealing with the endocrine system, its diseases, and its specific secretions known as hormones. It is also concerned with the integration of developmental events proliferation, growth and differentiation, and the psychological or behavioral activities of metabolism, growth and development, tissue function, sleep, digestion, respiration, excretion, mood, stress, lactation, movement, reproduction, and sensory perception caused by hormones. Specializations include behavioral endocrinology and comparative endocrinology.

right|thumb|A fanning honeybee exposes [[Nasonov's gland (white – at tip of abdomen) releasing pheromone to entice swarm into an empty hive]]

thumb|Appealing food may provoke appetite even in the absence of hunger. Appetite is the desire to eat food items, usually due to hunger. Appealing foods can stimulate appetite even when hunger is absent, although appetite can be greatly reduced by satiety. Appetite exists in all higher life-forms, and serves to regulate adequate energy intake to maintain metabolic needs. It is regulated by a close interplay between the digestive tract, adipose tissue and the brain. Appetite has a relationship with every individual's behavior. Appetitive behaviour also known as approach behaviour, and consumma

Corticosteroids are a class of steroid hormones that are produced in the adrenal cortex of vertebrates, and also their synthetic analogues. The two main classes of corticosteroids – glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids – are involved in a wide range of physiological processes, including stress response, immune response, and regulation of inflammation, carbohydrate metabolism, protein catabolism, blood electrolyte levels, and behavior.

Triiodothyronine, also known as T3, is a thyroid hormone. It affects almost every physiological process in the body, including growth and development, metabolism, body temperature, and heart rate.

hormone system that is involved in the regulation of the plasma sodium concentration and arterial blood pressure

number associated with a particular type of food that indicates the food's effect on a person's blood glucose level

Angiotensin is a peptide hormone that causes vasoconstriction and an increase in blood pressure. It is part of the renin–angiotensin system, which regulates blood pressure. Angiotensin also stimulates the release of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex to promote sodium retention by the kidneys.

chemicals that can interfere with endocrine or hormonal systems at certain doses

A phytoestrogen is a plant-derived xenoestrogen (a type of estrogen produced by organisms other than humans) not generated within the endocrine system, but consumed by eating plants or manufactured foods. Also called a "dietary estrogen", it is a diverse group of naturally occurring nonsteroidal plant compounds that, because of its structural similarity to estradiol (17-β-estradiol), have the ability to cause both estrogenic or antiestrogenic effects.

disease that involving errors in metabolic processes of building or degradation of molecules

Thyroglobulin (Tg) is a 660 kDa, dimeric glycoprotein produced by the follicular cells of the thyroid and used entirely within the thyroid gland. Tg is secreted and accumulated at hundreds of grams per litre in the extracellular compartment of the thyroid follicles, accounting for approximately half of the protein content of the thyroid gland. Human TG (hTG) is a homodimer of subunits each containing 2768 amino acids as synthesized (a short signal peptide of 19 amino acids may be removed from the N-terminus in the mature protein).

rare condition in older men, characterized by measurably low testosterone levels

hyperventilation associated with metabolic acidosis

physical development scale of children, adolescents, and adults

development in an organism of physical characteristics that are usually unique to the female of the species

InterPro Family

table salt preparation with iodide salts added

Resistin, also known as adipose tissue-specific secretory factor (ADSF) or C/EBP-epsilon-regulated myeloid-specific secreted cysteine-rich protein (XCP1), is a cysteine-rich peptide hormone that is derived from adipose tissue and, in humans, is encoded by the RETN gene.

type of disease affecting the endocrine system

medicine dealing with prevention, diagnosis and management of reproductive problems

thumb|Tanner scale of female breast development Thelarche, also known as breast budding, is the onset of secondary breast development, often representing the beginning of pubertal development. It is the stage at which male and female breasts differentiate due to variance in hormone levels; however, some males have a condition in which they develop breasts, which is called gynecomastia. Thelarche typically occurs between the ages of 8 and 13 years with significant variation between individuals. However, the initial growth of breast tissue occurs during fetal development. It is usually the first

Xenoestrogens are a type of xenohormone that imitates estrogen. They can be either synthetic or natural chemical compounds. Synthetic xenoestrogens include some widely used industrial compounds, such as PCBs, BPA, and phthalates, which have estrogenic effects on a living organism even though they differ chemically from the estrogenic substances produced internally by the endocrine system of any organism. Natural xenoestrogens include phytoestrogens which are plant-derived xenoestrogens. Because the primary route of exposure to these compounds is by consumption of phytoestrogenic plants, they a

Pregnane, also known as 17β-ethylandrostane or as 10β,13β-dimethyl-17β-ethylgonane, is a C21 steroid and, indirectly, a parent of progesterone. It is a parent hydrocarbon for two series of steroids stemming from 5α-pregnane (originally allopregnane) and 5β-pregnane (17β-ethyletiocholane). It has a gonane core.

The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the mammary gland over time, from its formation to the mature structure.

thumb|Structure of adrenomedullin Adrenomedullin (ADM) is a peptide hormone that plays an important role in various physiological processes throughout the human body. Initially discovered in 1993 from a pheochromocytoma, a tumor of the adrenal medulla, this 52-amino acid peptide is now recognized for its diverse effects, including vasodilation, regulation of blood pressure, and maintenance of the vascular system. ADM is widely expressed in tissues and also found in the circulation, exerting its influence on the cardiovascular, lymphatic, and endocrine systems, as well as demonstrating anti-inf

regulation of glucose

Xenohormones or environmental hormones are compounds produced outside of the human body that exhibit endocrine hormone-like properties. They may be either of natural origin, such as phytoestrogens, which are derived from plants, or of synthetic origin. These compounds can cause endocrine disruption by multiple mechanisms including acting directly on hormone receptors, affecting the levels of natural hormones in the body, and by altering the expression of hormone receptors. The most commonly occurring xenohormones are xenoestrogens, which mimic the effects of estrogen. Other xenohormones includ

Mecasermin, sold under the brand name Increlex, also known as recombinant human insulin-like growth factor-1 (rhIGF-1), is a recombinant form of human insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-I) which is used in the long-term treatment of growth failure and short stature in children with severe primary IGF-I deficiency, for instance due to growth hormone deficiency or Laron syndrome (growth hormone insensitivity).

iodine-induced hyperthyroidism

star-shaped, myofibroblast-like cells in the pancreas

REDIRECT Psychoneuroimmunology

protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

members of the nuclear receptor family of intracellular transcription factors

common component of treatment for prostate cancer

medical subspecialty

method used to quantify insulin resistance and beta-cell function

In endocrinology, secretagogue is a substance that causes another substance to be secreted. The word contains the suffix -agogue, which refers to something that leads to something else; a secretagogue thus leads to secretion.

eyelid phenomenon in hyperthyroidism and Basedow's disease

medical condition

hormone secreted by the gastrointestinal mucosa

long-term U.S. national health study that has focused on strategies for preventing the major causes of death, disability, and frailty in older women, specifically heart disease, cancer, and osteoporotic fractures