Functional groups

thumb|144 px|Structure of the methoxide anion. Although alkali metal alkoxides are not salts and adopt complex structures, they behave chemically as sources of . thumb|right|The structure of the methoxide ion In chemistry, an alkoxide is the conjugate base of an alcohol and therefore consists of an organic group bonded to a negatively charged oxygen atom. They are written as , where R is the organyl substituent. Alkoxides are strong bases and, when R is not bulky, good nucleophiles and good ligands. Alkoxides, although generally not stable in protic solvents such as water, occur widely as inte

thumb|Methylation reaction of mercury under sunlight thumb|class=skin-invert-image|Structures of two main types of complexes formed by methylmercury. X− = anion, L = neutral Lewis base.

In chemistry, a disulfide (or disulphide in British English) is a compound containing a functional group or the anion. In inorganic chemistry, the anion appears in a few rare minerals. Compounds of the form are usually called persulfides instead.

functional group

thumb|right|General ester of phosphonic acid; in fact, the phosphorus has a formal charge of +1, the oxygen above it has a formal charge of −1, and the bond between them is single.

class of compounds

thumb|150px|Structure of the hydrazone functional group Hydrazones are a class of organic compounds with the structure . They are related to ketones and aldehydes by the replacement of the oxygen =O with the = functional group. They are formed usually by the action of hydrazine on ketones or aldehydes.

thumb|200px|The structure of the sulfonamide group

thumb|right|150px|Structure of the nitroamino group, >, here bonded to two R groups

functional group derived from methane by removing three hydrogen atoms

any imine having a hydrocarbyl group on the nitrogen atom

thumb|right|upright=1.1|alt=General structure of an isothiocyanate.|General structure of an isothiocyanate.

thumb|right|150px|The structural formula of acetamidine (acetimidamide). Amidines are organic compounds with the functional group RC(NR)NR2, where the R groups can be the same or different. They are the imine derivatives of amides (RC(O)NR2). The simplest amidine is formamidine, HC(=NH)NH2.

300px|right|Diazo compounds have two main Lewis structures in resonance: R2>C−–N+≡N and R2>CH=N+=N−

any chemical compound having a halogen atom bonded to an acyl group

thumb|right|120px|Generic hemiaminal

Semicarbazide is the chemical compound with the formula OC(NH2)(N2H3). It is a water-soluble white solid. It is a derivative of urea.

thumb|right|The structure of a general cyanohydrin.

thumb|right|140px|General formula of a thioketone

thumb|right|150px|Chemical structure of a thial

any chemical compound having an oxygen atom bonded to tertiary amino group

thumb|150px|right|Sodium salt of ethyl xanthate ([[sodium ethylxanthate or sodium O-ethyl dithiocarbonate)]] thumb|150px|Structure of a xanthate ester thumb|Cellulose xanthate. A xanthate is a salt or ester of a xanthic acid. The formula of the salt of xanthic acid is (where R is organyl group and M is usually Na or K). Xanthate also refers to the anion . The formula of a xanthic acid is , such as ethyl xanthic acid, while the formula of a xanthate ester is , where R and R' are organyl groups. The salts of xanthates are sometimes called O-organyl dithioates. The esters of xanthic acid are some

Hydrazides in organic chemistry are a class of organic compounds with the formula where R is acyl (), sulfonyl (), phosphoryl (), phosphonyl (), etc. and and R' are any groups (typically hydrogen or organyl). Unlike hydrazine and alkylhydrazines, hydrazides are nonbasic owing to the inductive influence of the acyl, sulfonyl, or phosphoryl substituent.

thumb|100px|right|General structure of a monothioacetal thumb|100px|right|General structure of a dithioacetal

thumb | right | Structural formula of nitroso group

In chemistry, dioxirane (systematically named dioxacyclopropane, also known as methylene peroxide or peroxymethane) is an organic compound with formula . The molecule consists of a ring with one methylene and two oxygen atoms. It is of interest as the smallest cyclic organic peroxide, but otherwise it is of little practical value.

cation containing nitrogen and oxygen

thumb|right|150px|class=skin-invert-image|General structure of a thioamide A thioamide (rarely, thionamide, but also known as thiourylenes) is a functional group with the general structure , where are any groups (typically organyl groups or hydrogen). Analogous to amides, thioamides exhibit greater multiple bond character along the C-N bond, resulting in a larger rotational barrier.

thumb|class=skin-invert-image|upright=0.5|Generic aminal

thumb|140px|right|class=skin-invert|Phosphonium ion 140px|right|thumb|Structure of , the parent phosphonium cation.

150px|right|thumb|General structure of a nitrone.

In chemistry, an acetylide is a compound that can be viewed as the result of replacing one or both hydrogen atoms of acetylene (ethyne) by metallic or other cations. Calcium carbide is an important industrial compound, which has long been used to produce acetylene for welding and illumination. It is also a major precursor to vinyl chloride. Other acetylides are reagents in organic synthesis.

thumb|right|120px|The lactol functional group, highlighted in blue, is present in many sugars such as ribose shown here.

ester of an orthocarboxylic acid

any chemical compound derived from oxoacid by replacing a hydroxy group by –NHOH group (in which the hydrogen atom bonded to the nitrogen atom may be substituted by a hydrocarbyl group)

An ylide () or ylid () is a neutral dipolar molecule containing a formally negatively charged atom (usually a carbanion) directly attached to a heteroatom with a formal positive charge (usually nitrogen, phosphorus or sulfur), and in which both atoms have full octets of electrons. The result can be viewed as a structure in which two adjacent atoms are connected by both a covalent and an ionic bond; normally written X+–Y−. Ylides are thus 1,2-dipolar compounds, and a subclass of zwitterions. They appear in organic chemistry as reagents or reactive intermediates.

any functional group having a sulfur atom doubly-bonded to two oxygen atoms

any part of a molecule with the chemical formula –CH2–

thumb|right|150px|The general structure of an iminium cation

thumb|right|General structure of trans-carbodiimides: The core functional group is shown in blue with attached Substituent|R groups

acyloxy group derived from acetic acid

thumb|right|The structure of a typical acyloin.

class of organic compounds

class of chemical compounds

thumb|right|class=skin-invert-image|A generic oxaziridine derivative.

functional group

compounds that contain the basic structure RB(OH)2

any ester derived from phosphorous acid

class of compounds

ester derived from carbonic acid

ester of nitric acid

anion

class of chemical compounds

class of chemical compounds

thumb|right|100px|General structure of a halohydrin, where X = I, Br, F, or Cl thumb|right|100px|Structure of the halohydrin 2-Chloroethanol|2-chloroethanol In organic chemistry a halohydrin (also a haloalcohol or β-halo alcohol) is a functional group in which a halogen and a hydroxyl are bonded to adjacent carbon atoms, which otherwise bear only hydrogen or hydrocarbyl groups (e.g. 2-chloroethanol, 3-chloropropane-1,2-diol). The term only applies to saturated motifs, as such compounds like 2-chlorophenol would not normally be considered halohydrins. Megatons of some chlorohydrins, e.g. propyl

functional group

thumb|right|upright=0.5|The structure of a generic selenol

thumb|right|150px|General chemical structure of a dithioketal

class of chemical compounds

thumb|right|General chemical structure of dithiocarbamate esters. R and R" is any group (typically hydrogen or [[organyl), and R' is organyl.]]