GABA reuptake inhibitors

β-Alanine ('''beta-alanine) is a naturally occurring beta amino acid. Beta amino acids are amino acids in which the amino group is attached to the β-carbon atom (i.e. the carbon atom two carbon atoms away from the carboxylate group) instead of the more usual α-carbon atom for alanine (α-alanine). The IUPAC name for β-alanine is 3-aminopropanoic acid'''. Unlike its counterpart α-alanine, β-alanine has no stereocenter.

Muscimol, also known as agarin, pantherine, or pyroibotenic acid, is a GABAA receptor agonist with sedative and hallucinogenic effects and the principal psychoactive constituent of Amanita mushrooms such as Amanita muscaria (fly agaric) and Amanita pantherina (panther cap). It is a 3-hydroxyisoxazole alkaloid and is closely related structurally to the neurotransmitter γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA). The compound is widely used as a ligand and agonist of the GABAA receptor in scientific research. Muscimol is typically taken orally, but may also be smoked. Peak effects occur after 1 to 3hours orally

Riluzole is a medication used to treat amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and other motor neuron diseases. Riluzole delays the onset of ventilator-dependence or tracheostomy in some people and may increase survival by two to three months. Riluzole is available in tablet and liquid form. A thin film version of riluzole which dissolves on the tongue (commercially known as Exservan or Emylif) is available in the United States and United Kingdom.

Tiagabine, sold under the brand name Gabitril, is an anticonvulsant medication which is used in the treatment of epilepsy. It is also used off-label in the treatment of insomnia and anxiety disorders. However, off-label use is discouraged as the drug has been associated with new-onset seizures in people without epilepsy. Tiagabine is taken orally.

Arecaidine, also known as '''N-methylguvacine''', is an alkaloid in areca nuts and a GABA reuptake inhibitor. It is structurally similar to the GABA reuptake inhibitors guvacine and nipecotic acid. Arecaidine has been found to produce sedative effects in mice and to protect against the lethality of the GABAA receptor antagonists bicuculline and pentylenetetrazol. On the other hand, it did not produce anticonvulsant effects. Lime is said to hydrolyse arecoline to arecaidine.

Guvacine is a tetrahydropyridine alkaloid found in areca nuts. It is the N-demethylated derivative of arecaidine and the product of ester hydrolysis of guvacoline, both of which are also found in areca nuts as well. The compound is a potent and selective GABA reuptake inhibitor via GABA transporter 1 (GAT-1) inhibition. It shows poor blood–brain barrier penetration. Lime hydrolyzes guvacoline to guvacine.

Gabaculine is a naturally occurring neurotoxin first isolated from the bacteria Streptomyces toyacaensis, which acts as a potent and irreversible GABA transaminase inhibitor, and also a GABA reuptake inhibitor. Gabaculine is also known as 3-amino-2,3-dihydrobenzoic acid hydrochloride and 5-amino cyclohexa-1,3 dienyl carboxylic acid. Gabaculine increased GABA levels in the brain and had an effect on convulsivity in mice.

chemical compound

SKF-89976A is an anticonvulsant, acting as a GABA reuptake inhibitor via blockade of GAT-1. ==Synthesis== thumb|center|500px|Synthesis: Patent: Ex 1: Finkelstein Sn2 alkylation between 1,1-Diphenyl-4-bromobutene [6078-95-1] (1) & Ethyl nipecotate [5006-62-2] (2) gives [89203-62-3] (3). Optional saponification of the ester group gives the title amino-acid compound (4).

drug class

Deramciclane (developmental code names EGIS-3886, EXV-801) is an experimental drug which was studied for the treatment of anxiety disorders but was never marketed. It has since been repurposed for the treatment of agitation, both alone (as EXV-801) and in combination with dextromethorphan (DXM) (as EXV-802). The drug acts as a serotonin 5-HT2A receptor antagonist, serotonin 5-HT2C receptor inverse agonist, GABA reuptake inhibitor, and weak CYP2D6 inhibitor.