Laboratory techniques

thumb|upright|300px|Laboratory model of a still.1: The heat source to boil the mixture2: round-bottom flask containing the mixture to be boiled3: the head of the still4: mixture boiling-point thermometer5: the condenser of the still6: the cooling-water inlet of the condenser7: the cooling-water outlet of the condenser8: the distillate-receiving flask9: vacuum pump and gas inlet10: the receiver of the still11: the heat control for heating the mixture12: stirring mechanism speed control13: stirring mechanism and heating plate14: heating bath (oil/sand) for the flask15: the stirring mechanism (no

transition of a substance directly from the solid to the gas state

in vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments from small amounts of short oligonucleotide primers

Crystallization is a process that leads to solids with a uniform pattern of atoms or molecules, i.e. a crystal. The uniform nature of a crystalline solid can be contrasted with amorphous solids in which atoms or molecules lack regular organization. Crystallization can occur by various routes including precipitation from solution, freezing of a liquid, or deposition from a gas. Attributes of the resulting crystal can depend largely on factors such as temperature, air pressure, cooling rate, or solute concentration.

thumb|300px|1. Illustration of electrophoresis thumb|300px|2. Illustration of electrophoresis retardation

Latin term meaning outside a natural biological environment

Sedimentation is the deposition of sediments. It takes place when particles in suspension settle out of the fluid in which they are entrained and come to rest against a barrier. This is due to their motion through the fluid in response to the forces acting on them: these forces can be due to gravity, centrifugal acceleration, or electromagnetism. Settling is the falling of suspended particles through the liquid, whereas sedimentation is the final result of the settling process.

process of separation of a mixture into its component parts by evaporation and recondensation at controlled temperature and pressure

right|thumb|300px|Diagram of simple filtration: oversize particles in the feed cannot pass through the lattice structure of the filter, while fluid and small particles pass through, becoming filtrate.

type of chromatography to separate complex mixtures

use of animals as models of the human organism

thumb|An anesthetized pig used for training a surgeon Vivisection () is surgery conducted for experimental purposes on a living organism, typically animals with a central nervous system, to view living internal structure. The word is, more broadly, used as a pejorative catch-all term for experimentation on live animals by organizations opposed to animal experimentation, but the term is rarely used by practicing scientists. Human vivisection, such as live organ harvesting, has been perpetrated as a form of torture.

thumb|Decanting a liquid from a solid

analytical technique used in molecular biology

thumb|300px|Scanning electron microscope image of [[pollen (false colors)]] thumb|250px|Microscopic examination in a biochemical laboratory

method for separation and analysis of macromolecules

thumb|230px|Main staining patterns on chromogenic immunohistochemistry. thumb|right|Immunofluorescence of human skin using an anti-IgA antibody. The skin is from a patient with [[Henoch–Schönlein purpura: IgA deposits are found in the walls of small superficial capillaries (yellow arrows). The pale wavy green area on top is the epidermis, the bottom fibrous area is the dermis.]] thumb|"Block" staining: strong nuclear and cytoplasmic expression in a continuous segment of cells. Immunohistochemistry is a form of immunostaining. It involves the process of selectively identifying antigens in cells

histological stain method using hematoxylin and eosin

piece of laboratory apparatus

thumb|right|230px|Cuvettes for in-vitro electroporation. These are plastic with aluminium [[electrodes and a blue lid. They hold a maximum of 400 μL.]]

technique of suspending cells in a stream of fluid and passing them by an electronic detection apparatus

chemical process

genetic testing technique

energy transfer mechanism and microscopy technique

growth of tissues or cells in an artificial medium separate from the parent organism. This technique is also called micropropagation

genetic technique

method in molecular biology; variant of polymerase chain reaction (PCR), is a technique commonly used in molecular biology to detect RNA expression

method used to purify individual chemical compounds from mixtures of compounds

two rules about the percentage of A, C, G, and T in DNA strands

biological testing method

device

method to separate compounds based on their relative solubilities in two different immiscible liquids, usually water and an organic solvent; extraction of a substance from one liquid into another liquid phase

separation and purification process of crystalline solids

chemical compound

thumb|right|The reflux system in a typical industrial distillation column Reflux is a technique involving the condensation of vapors and the return of this condensate to the system from which it originated. It is used in industrial and laboratory distillations. It is also used in chemistry to supply energy to reactions over a long period of time.

growth medium for plant cell culture

laboratory technique in electrophysiology used to study ionic currents in individual isolated living cells, tissue sections, or patches of cell membrane

thumb|right|The effects of soil liquefaction, seen after [[2011 Canterbury earthquake ]] In materials science, liquefaction is a process that generates a liquid from a solid or a gas or that generates a non-liquid phase which behaves in accordance with fluid dynamics. It occurs both naturally and artificially. As an example of the latter, a "major commercial application of liquefaction is the liquefaction of air to allow separation of the constituents, such as oxygen, nitrogen, and the noble gases." Another is the conversion of solid coal into a liquid form usable as a substitute for liquid f

analytical method

technique to follow reactions by using atomic isotopes

isolation of DNA

device for culturing microorganisms

Hemagglutination, or haemagglutination, is a specific form of agglutination that involves red blood cells (RBCs). It has two common uses in the laboratory: blood typing and the quantification of virus dilutions in a haemagglutination assay.

Form of gel electrophoresis used in analyzing proteins

chemical separation process that increases ionic strength to induce phase separation

laboratory technique to detect nucleic acids

method in medicine of collecting a sample from the back of the nose

Degassing, also known as degasification, is the removal of dissolved gases from liquids, especially water or aqueous solutions. There are numerous methods for removing gases from liquids.

mixture for maintaining very low temperatures in laboratories

An assay is an investigative (analytic) procedure in laboratory medicine, mining, pharmacology, environmental biology and molecular biology for qualitatively assessing or quantitatively measuring the presence, amount, or functional activity of a target entity. The measured entity is often called the analyte, the measurand, or the target of the assay. The analyte can be a drug, biochemical substance, chemical element or compound, or cell in an organism or organic sample. An assay usually aims to measure an analyte's intensive property and express it in the relevant measurement unit (e.g. molari

separation of protein

guiding principles for more ethical use of animals in science

thumb|right|Fractional distillation apparatus using a Liebig condenser. A [[conical flask is used as a receiving flask. Here the distillation head and fractionating column are combined in one piece.]] thumb|right|Differential centrifugation.

separation of a desired substance from other substances in the sample

Method of determining the quantity of chemical substances

the ratio of a particle’s sedimentation velocity to the applied acceleration causing the sedimentation

artificial peptide attached to protein for marking purpose

DNA / RNA sequencing technique

Parabiosis is a laboratory technique used in physiological research, derived from the Greek word meaning "living beside." The technique involves the surgical joining of two living organisms in such a way that they develop a single, shared physiological system. Through this approach, researchers can study the exchange of blood, hormones, and other substances between the two organisms, allowing for the examination of a wide range of physiological phenomena and interactions. Parabiosis has been employed in various fields of study, including stem cell research, endocrinology, aging research, and i

laboratory technique used in molecular biology and genetics