Landforms

thumb|alt=The Scandinavian Peninsula covered in snow|The Scandinavian Peninsula during winter thumb|The peninsula of Seventeen Seventy, Queensland, where [[Captain Cook landed in 1770]] A peninsula is a landform that extends from a mainland, is connected to the mainland on only one side, and is mostly surrounded by water. Peninsulas exist on each continent. The largest peninsula in the world is the Arabian Peninsula.

thumb|250px|A bog in Lauhanvuori National Park, [[Isojoki, Finland]] thumb|250px|Peat bog and peat to dry, L'Isle-aux-Coudres#Geography|L'Isle-aux-Coudres, [[Quebec, Canada, 1976]] thumb|Bog in Antwerp Province, Belgium thumb|Bog in the Seliger Lake area, Tver Oblast, Russia thumb|Peat extraction in East Frisia, Germany thumb|Drone video of Kakerdaja bog in Estonia (September 2021) thumb|A raised bog in [[Ķemeri National Park, Jūrmala, Latvia, formed approximately 10,000 years ago in the postglacial period and now a tourist attraction.]] A bog or bogland is a wetland that accumulates peat as

thumb|Typical karst terrain of the Dinaric Alps thumb|Li River|Li Jiang fengcong (cone karst) in [[Guilin as part of the South China Karst]] thumb|Karst formation of the Serra de Tramuntana Karst () is a topography formed from the dissolution of soluble carbonate rocks such as limestone and dolomite. It is characterized by features like poljes above and drainage systems with sinkholes and caves underground. There is some evidence that karst may occur in more weathering-resistant rocks such as quartzite given the right conditions.

thumb|The Chocolate Hills constitute a landform.

thumb|Aerial view of Mont Blanc massif, an example of a massif and also the highest summit in the [[Alps]]

landform created by the eruption of mud or slurries, water and gases

thumb|upright=1.5|Flowering heath on Amrum, Germany

thumb|Afro-Eurasia, the largest landmass on Earth

Highlands or uplands are areas of high elevation such as a mountainous region, elevated mountainous plateau or high hills. Generally, upland refers to a range of hills, typically from up to , while highland is usually reserved for ranges of low mountains. However, the two terms are interchangeable and also include regions that are transitional between hilly and mountainous terrain.

thumb|upright=1.3|The thalweg of a river

thumb|Livanjsko Polje in Bosnia is the largest polje in the world (Mount [[Dinara visible in the background).]] A polje, also called karst polje or karst field, is a large flat plain found in karstic geological regions of the world, with areas usually in the range of 5–400 km2 (2–154 sq mi). The name derives from the Slavic languages, where polje literally means 'field', whereas in English polje specifically refers to a karst plain or karst field.

thumb|upright=1.3|Avaste Nature Reserve|Avaste Fen, Estonia. Sedges dominate the landscape. Woody shrubs and trees are sparse. thumb|upright=1.3|Wicken Fen, England. Grasses in the foreground are typical of a fen.

land form

thumb|Eternal Flame Falls in New York has an eternal flame inside a small grotto behind the falls thumb|Grutas de García in [[Nuevo León, Mexico]]

thumb|upright=1.4|Extensive moorland in the Desert of Wales

Fell (from , "mountain → landscape over the tree line"; , , ) is a high and barren landscape feature, such as a mountain or moor-covered hill, often mountain landscape over the tree line, etc. The term is most often employed in Fennoscandia, Iceland, the Isle of Man, parts of northern England, and Scotland.

thumb|425px|Bocage near Boulogne-sur-Mer, France

Doab () is a term used in South Asia for the tract of land lying between two confluent rivers. It is similar to an interfluve. In the Oxford Hindi-English Dictionary, R. S. McGregor refers to its Persian origin in defining it as do-āb (, literally "two [bodies of] water") "a region lying between and reaching to the confluence of two rivers." As per J. S. Grewal, a doab is "the inter-fluvial area between any two rivers".

region surrounding the lowest point on the ridgeline between two elevations; not necessarily navigable

regions of the Earth under an ice cap with very low rainfall and no vegetation; type EF under the Köppen classification

step-like landform

thumb|right|250px|East side of the Freshwater Steps promontory, at the western end of Egmont Bight, [[Dorset, U.K.]] thumb|right|200px|A promontory, on Lake Baikal, Russia A promontory is a raised mass of land that projects into a lowland or a body of water (in which case it is a peninsula). Most promontories either are formed from a hard ridge of rock that has resisted the erosive forces that have removed the softer rock to the sides of it, or are the high ground that remains between two river valleys where they form a confluence. One type of promontory is a headland, or head.

a lateral ridge or tongue of land that projects from a hill, mountain, or the main crest of a ridge down into a valley or lower area

isolated mountains surrounded by radically different lowland environments

row of high mountain summits, a linear sequence of interconnected or related mountains, or a contiguous ridge of mountains

Circular patches of land without vegetation in arid areas

landform, an accumulation of permanent snow and ice

thumb|The Langkofel Group in the [[Dolomites of the Italian Alps, with the clearly visible Langkofel Col () left of centre]]

ridge formed in pack ice by accumulation of ice blocks in the convergence between floes

geological formation

thumb|Muskeg in Tongass National Forest

individual column of rock

waterlogged wooded terrain

A tableland is an area containing elevated landforms characterized by a distinct, flat, nearly level, or gently undulating surface. They often exhibit steep, cliff-like edges, known as escarpments, that separate them from surrounding lowlands. Depending on either their size, other physical characteristics, or geographic location, the landforms comprising a tableland are individually referred to by a number of names including butte, mesa, plateau, potrero, tepui, or tuya. A homologous landform under the sea is called either a tablemount or guyot.

A hillock or knoll is a small hill, usually separated from a larger group of hills such as a range. Hillocks are similar in their distribution and size to small mesas or buttes. This particular formation occurs often in Great Britain and China. A similar type of landform in the Scandinavian countries goes by the name "kulle" or "bakke" (depending on the country) and is contrary to the above phenomena formed when glaciers polish down hard, crystalline bedrock of gneiss or granites, leaving a rounded rocky hillock with sparse vegetation.

[[File:Bakhátas magaságyás 2.png|thumb|A schematic image of a Hügelkultur mound.

thumb|upright=1.3|Alvar in Estonia near the town of [[Keila]] thumb|Alvar at Kinnekulle, [[Sweden. Most plants are confined to the numerous cracks in the limestone.]]

thumb|Glendun, one of the [[Glens of Antrim in Northern Ireland]] A glen is a valley, typically one that is long and bounded by gently sloped concave sides, unlike a ravine, which is deep and bounded by steep slopes. Glens are appreciated by tourists for their tranquility and scenery.

Hügelland () is a type of landscape consisting of low rolling hills whose topography or surface structure lies between that of a lowland region (plains or river terraces) and that of a more rugged hill range or low mountain range. The term is German and has no exact equivalent in English, but is often translated as "hill country", "hilly terrain", "upland(s)" or "gently undulating" or "rolling country", or "rolling countryside". It is derived from Hügel, a low hill or hillock and appears frequently as a proper name for this type of terrain.

thumb|The Steinerne Rinne (Kaiser)|Steinerne Rinne couloir from the north with the peaks of Predigtstuhl (l) and [[Fleischbank (r) in the Austrian Kaiser Mountains]]

waterlogged wooden terrain between a swamp and forest

river delta which is located inland and not on the ocean

A dambo is a class of complex shallow wetlands in central, southern and eastern Africa, particularly in Zambia, Malawi and Zimbabwe. They are generally found in higher-rainfall flat plateau areas and have river-like branching forms which in themselves are not very large but combined add up to a large area. Dambos have been estimated to comprise 12.5% of the area of Zambia. Similar African words include mbuga (commonly used in East Africa), matoro (Mashonaland), vlei (South Africa), fadama (Nigeria), and bolis (Sierra Leone); the French bas-fond and German Spültal have also been suggested as re

landform of calcareous material accumulated on an ancient seabed.

thumb|The East Styrian Hills south of Herberstein An interfluve is a narrow, elongated and plateau-like or ridge-like landform between two valleys. More generally, an interfluve is defined as an area of higher ground between two rivers in the same drainage system.Whittow, John (1984). Dictionary of Physical Geography. London: Penguin, 1984, p. 275. .

thumb|upright=1.5|Lynchet system near Bishopstone in Wiltshire thumb|right|The slope of a prehistoric lynchet at West Dean, West Sussex thumb|A lidar view of Medieval ridge and furrow and associated lynchets and strip lynchets at Heddon Hill in Northumberland A lynchet or linchet is an earth terrace found on the side of a hill. Lynchets are a feature of ancient field systems of the British Isles. They are commonly found in vertical rows and more commonly referred to as "strip lynchets". Lynchets appear predominantly in Southern Britain and many are in areas close to Iron Age forts and other ea

low tract of land

very narrow canyon with steep walls and mostly lacking a flat bottom

channel or passage through which objects are moved by gravity

regional name of montane meadows in the Eastern Carpathians

thumbnail|Panholes on a granite surface near Corscia, Corsica A panhole is a depression or basin eroded into flat or gently sloping cohesive rock. Similar terms for this feature are gnamma or rock holes (Australia), armchair hollows, weathering pans (or pits) and solution pans (or pits).

thumb|upright=1.5|View from the International Space Station of [[Lake Lucero in the Tularosa Basin, an example of a bolson.]] A bolson is a desert valley or depression, usually draining into a playa or salt pan, and entirely surrounded by recently uplifted hills or mountains. Bolsons are sites of active deposition of sediments (aggradation). They are a type of endorheic basin characteristic of basin and range topography.

thumb|A barachois at South Lake, Prince Edward Island.

island that is largely made of sand

area of flat land on a slope

A koog (; plural: köge ) or groden is a type of polder found on the North Sea coast of Germany that is established by the construction of dykes enclosing the land which is then drained to form marshland. This type of land reclamation is also used along rivers. In general, a koog is protected by embankments known as dykes (Deiche). thumb|Hedwigenkoog|Westerkoog (Dithmarschen): typical koog landscape

thumb|Medieval Pinge and ring-shaped bank at a mineshaft on the Ochsenhügel near Suhl in Germany's [[Thuringian Forest]] thumb|The Pinge of an iron ore pit near Warstein A Pinge ([ˈpɪŋə], plural: Pingen) or Binge ("binger") is the name given in German-speaking Europe to a wedge-, ditch- or funnel-shaped depression in the terrain caused by mining activity. This depression or sink-hole is frequently caused by the collapse of old underground mine workings that are close to the Earth's surface. Unlike natural landforms, a Pinge is a direct result of human activity. The term has no direct equivalen

elongated line of hills

A syrt is a kind of an elevated landform in Russia and Central Asia.

natural bowl-shaped hole in a streambed