Life sciences industry

Pharmacology is the science of drugs and medications, including a substance's origin, composition and interaction with biological systems; specifically through pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, therapeutic use, and toxicology. The discipline examines these interactions through pharmacokinetics (what the body does to the drug) and pharmacodynamics (what the drug does to the body), both of which determine how a substance alters normal or abnormal biochemical function. Substances with medicinal properties are classified as pharmaceuticals, while the term drug encompasses any chemical agent that

thumb|130px|The headquarters of Pfizer in Tokyo, Japan

city in San Mateo County, California, United States

Bayer AG (English: , commonly pronounced ; ) is a German multinational pharmaceutical and biotechnology company and is one of the largest pharmaceutical companies and biomedical companies in the world. Headquartered in Leverkusen, Bayer's areas of business include pharmaceuticals, consumer healthcare products, agricultural chemicals, seeds and biotechnology products. The company is a component of the EURO STOXX 50 stock market index.

large family of RNA molecules that convey genetic information from DNA to the ribosome, where they specify the amino acid sequence of the protein products of gene expression

medical university located in Stockholm, Sweden

British multinational pharmaceutical and biotechnology company

research program for sequencing the human genome

400px|thumb|right|A graph depicting a typical time course of drug plasma concentration over 96 hours, with oral administrations every 24 hours. The main pharmacokinetic metrics are annotated. Steady state is reached after about 5 × 12 = 60 hours. Pharmacokinetics (from Ancient Greek pharmakon 'drug' and kinetikos 'moving, putting in motion'; see chemical kinetics), sometimes abbreviated as PK, is a branch of pharmacology dedicated to describing how the body affects a specific substance after administration. The substances of interest include any chemical xenobiotics such as pharmaceutical drug

The Monsanto Company () was an American agrochemical and agricultural biotechnology corporation founded in 1901 and headquartered in Creve Coeur, Missouri. Monsanto's best-known product is Roundup, a glyphosate-based herbicide, developed in the 1970s. Later, the company became a major producer of genetically engineered crops. In 2018, the company ranked 199th on the Fortune 500 of the largest United States corporations by revenue.

The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) is a research and development agency of the United States Department of Defense responsible for the development of emerging technologies for use by the military. Originally known as the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA), the agency was created on February 7, 1958, by President Dwight D. Eisenhower in response to the Soviet's launch of Sputnik 1 in 1957. By collaborating with academia, industry, and government partners, DARPA formulates and executes research and development projects to expand the frontiers of technology and science, o

U.S multinational medical devices, pharmaceutical and consumer packaged goods manufacturer

class of enzymes that cleaves DNA into fragments at or near specific recognition sites within the molecule known as restriction sites

Novartis AG is a Swiss multinational pharmaceutical corporation based in Basel, Switzerland. Novartis is one of the largest pharmaceutical companies in the world and was the eighth largest by revenue in 2024.

branch of science about life

US government medical research agency

In pharmacology, bioavailability is a subcategory of absorption and is the fraction (%) of an administered drug that reaches the systemic circulation.

thumb|Participation certificate of the F. Hoffmann-LaRoche & Co AG, issued 15 January 1932

global management consulting firm

American pharmaceutical company

Pharmaceutics is the discipline of pharmacy that deals with the process of turning a new chemical entity (NCE) or an existing drug into a medication to be used safely and effectively by patients. The patients could be either humans or animals. Pharmaceutics helps relate the formulation of drugs to their delivery and disposition in the body. Pharmaceutics deals with the formulation of a pure drug substance into a dosage form.

thumb|Topics of pharmacodynamics Pharmacodynamics (PD) is the study of the biochemical and physiologic effects of drugs (especially pharmaceutical drugs). The effects can include those manifested within animals (including humans), microorganisms, or combinations of organisms (for example, infection).

American global health care and medical device products company

Danish pharmaceutical company

administration of hormonal agents as medicines to replace certain missing hormones

biological material that poses serious risks to the health of living organisms

Israeli pharmaceutical company

A biopharmaceutical, also known as a biological medical product, or biologic, is any pharmaceutical drug product manufactured in, extracted from, or semisynthesized from biological sources. Different from totally synthesized pharmaceuticals, they include vaccines, whole blood, blood components, allergenics, somatic cells, gene therapies, tissues, recombinant therapeutic protein, and living medicines used in cell therapy. Biopharmaceuticals can be composed of sugars, proteins, nucleic acids, or complex combinations of these substances, or may be living cells or tissues. They (or their precursor

American company

comparison of the amount of a drug that has a therapeutic effect to the amount that is toxic

American pharmaceutical company

biologically active component of a product formulation

Amgen Inc. is an American multinational biopharmaceutical company headquartered in Thousand Oaks, California. The company is ranked 18th on the list of largest biomedical companies by revenue. The name "AMGen" is a portmanteau of the company's original name, Applied Molecular Genetics.

plants used in agriculture, the DNA of which has been modified using genetic engineering techniques

the practices required in order to conform to the quality guidelines recommended by regulatory agencies that control the authorization and licensing of the manufacture and sale of certain consumer and medical products

German health care company

regulatory class of pharmaceutical drug

thumb|278x278px|Vasculature of porcine skin under fluorescence ([[Smooth muscle actin with AlexaFluor 488). Green = smooth muscle actin (SMA) with Alexa 488 fluorophore. Blue = DAPI counterstain. Red = auto-fluorescence. ]]

thumb|Alcon offices in Johns Creek, Georgia Alcon Inc. () is a Swiss-American pharmaceutical and medical device company specializing in eye care products. Alcon is incorporated in the Canton of Fribourg, Switzerland, and its global headquarters are located in Geneva, but its main operational base is in Fort Worth, Texas, United States, where it employs about 4,500 people.

Sandoz Group AG is a Swiss company that focuses on generic pharmaceuticals and biosimilars. Prior to October 2023, it was part of a division of Novartis that was established in 2003, when Novartis united all of its generics businesses under the name Sandoz. Before this, the company existed as an independent pharmaceutical manufacturer until 1996, when it was merged with Ciba-Geigy to form Novartis. Prior to the merger, it specialized in medicines used in organ transplants, such as Sandimmune, and various antipsychotics and migraine medicines. Its headquarters were in Holzkirchen, Germany and a

thumb|right|335px|A bioequivalency profile comparison of 150 mg extended-release bupropion as produced by [[Impax Laboratories for Teva and Biovail for GlaxoSmithKline]]

Genentech, Inc. is an American biotechnology corporation headquartered in South San Francisco, California. It operates as an independent subsidiary of holding company Roche. Genentech Research and Early Development operates as an independent center within Roche. Historically, the company is regarded as the world's first biotechnology company.

Biogen Inc. is an American multinational biotechnology company based in Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States specializing in the treatment of neurological diseases. The company's primary products are dimethyl fumarate (Tecfidera), diroximel fumarate (Vumerity), interferon beta-1a (AVONEX), peginterferon beta-1a (Plegridy), and natalizumab (Tysabri), all for the treatment of multiple sclerosis (collectively 45% of 2024 revenues); nusinersen (Spinraza) for the treatment of spinal muscular atrophy (16.2% of 2024 revenues); omaveloxolone (Skyclarys) for the treatment of Friedreich's ataxia (4.0

The Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) is an Australian Government agency that is responsible for scientific research and its commercial and industrial applications. From its headquarters in Canberra, CSIRO maintains more than 50 sites across Australia, as well as in France and the United States, and employs 6,618 staff as of 2024.

Gardasil is an HPV vaccine for use in the prevention of certain strains of human papillomavirus (HPV). It was developed by Merck & Co. High-risk human papilloma virus (hr-HPV) genital infection is the most common sexually transmitted infection among women. The HPV strains that Gardasil protects against are sexually transmitted, specifically HPV types 6, 11, 16 and 18. HPV types 16 and 18 cause an estimated 70% of cervical cancers, and are responsible for most HPV-induced anal, vulvar, vaginal, and penile cancer cases. HPV types 6 and 11 cause an estimated 90% of genital warts cases. HPV type 1

A biosimilar (also known as follow-on biologic or subsequent entry biologic) is a biologic medical product that is almost an identical copy of an original product that is manufactured by a different company. Biosimilars are officially approved versions of original "innovator" products and can be manufactured when the original product's patent expires. Reference to the innovator product is an integral component of the approval.

company

Mylan N.V. was a global generic and specialty pharmaceuticals company. In November 2020, Mylan merged with Upjohn, Pfizer's off-patent medicine division, to form Viatris. Previously, the company was domiciled in the Netherlands, with principal executive offices in Hatfield, Hertfordshire, UK and a "Global Center" in Canonsburg, Pennsylvania, US.

American biotech company founded by Alphabet Inc.

Pyrosequencing is a non-electrophoretic DNA sequencing (determining the order of nucleotides in DNA) method based on the "sequencing by synthesis" principle, in which the sequencing is performed by detecting the nucleotide incorporated by a DNA polymerase. Pyrosequencing relies on light detection based on a chain reaction when pyrophosphate is released, hence, the name given it.

process of bringing a new pharmaceutical drug to the market once a lead compound has been identified

Japanese pharmaceutical company

regulation designed mainly to protect the health and safety of the population, aiming at ensuring the safety, quality, and efficacy of the therapeutic goods

American pharmaceutical company

company

Verily Life Sciences LLC also known as Verily (formerly Google Life Sciences), is Alphabet Inc.'s research organization devoted to the study of life sciences. The organization was formerly a division of Google X, and as of December 2024, is operating as a standalone company under Alphabet.

American manufacturer of healthcare goods

Pharmacia was a pharmaceutical and biotechnological company in Sweden that merged with the American pharmaceutical company Upjohn in 1995.

thumb|Logo of Upjohn Pill & Granule, later The Upjohn Company The Upjohn Company was an American pharmaceutical manufacturing firm (est. 1886) in Hastings, Michigan, by Dr. William E. Upjohn, an 1875 graduate of the University of Michigan medical school. The company was originally formed to make friable pills, specifically designed to crush easily, and thus be easier for patients to digest. Upjohn initially marketed the pills to doctors by sending them a wooden plank along with a rival’s pill and one of Upjohn’s, with instructions to try to hammer the pills into the plank.