Macrolide antibiotics

thumb|Azithromycin pills in Europe, with brand name Sumamed. Azithromycin, sold under the brand names Zithromax (in oral form) and Azasite (as an eye drop), is an antibiotic medication used to treat several bacterial infections. These include middle ear infections, strep throat, pneumonia, traveler's diarrhea, sexually transmitted infection, and certain other intestinal infections. Along with other medications, it may also be used for malaria. It is administered by mouth, into a vein, or as topical treatment for the eye.

Erythromycin (sometimes abbreviated ETM in reports) is an antibiotic used for the treatment of a number of bacterial infections. This includes respiratory tract infections, skin infections, chlamydia infections, pelvic inflammatory disease, and syphilis. It may also be used during pregnancy to prevent Group B streptococcal infection in the newborn, and to improve delayed stomach emptying. It can be given intravenously and by mouth. An eye ointment is routinely recommended after delivery to prevent eye infections in the newborn.

Clarithromycin, sold under the brand name Biaxin among others, is an antibiotic used to treat various bacterial infections. This includes strep throat, pneumonia, skin infections, H. pylori infection, and Lyme disease. Clarithromycin can be taken by mouth as a tablet or liquid or can be infused intravenously.

Roxithromycin is a semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic used to treat respiratory tract, urinary and soft tissue infections. It is a derivative of erythromycin - comprising the same 14-membered lactone ring - with an oxime-based side chain attached to the macrolide ring.

Spiramycin is a macrolide antibiotic and antiparasitic. It is used to treat toxoplasmosis and various other infections of soft tissues.

Oligomycins are macrolides created by Streptomyces that are strong antibacterial agents but are often poisonous to other organisms, including humans.

Fidaxomicin, sold under the brand name Dificid (by Merck) among others, is the first member of a class of narrow spectrum macrocyclic antibiotic drugs called tiacumicins. It is a fermentation product obtained from the actinomycete Dactylosporangium aurantiacum subspecies hamdenesis. Fidaxomicin is minimally absorbed into the bloodstream when taken orally, is bactericidal, and selectively eradicates pathogenic Clostridioides difficile with relatively little disruption to the multiple species of bacteria that make up the normal, healthy intestinal microbiota. The maintenance of normal physiolog

Josamycin is a macrolide antibiotic. It was isolated by Hamao Umezawa and his colleagues from strains of Streptomyces narbonensis var. josamyceticus var. nova in 1964.

Troleandomycin (TAO for short) is a macrolide antibiotic. It was sold in Italy (branded Triocetin) and Turkey (branded Tekmisin). It is no longer sold in Italy as of 2018.

Midecamycin is a macrolide antibiotic that is synthesized from Streptomyces mycarofaciens.

Dirithromycin is a macrolide glycopeptide antibiotic.

Tylosin is a macrolide antibiotic and bacteriostatic feed additive used in veterinary medicine. It has a broad spectrum of activity against Gram-positive organisms and a limited range of Gram-negative organisms. It is found naturally as a fermentation product of Streptomyces fradiae.

Oleandomycin is a macrolide antibiotic. It is synthesized from strains of Streptomyces antibioticus. It is weaker than erythromycin.

chemical compound

Hachimycin, also known as trichomycin, is a polyene macrolide antibiotic, antiprotozoal, and antifungal derived from streptomyces. It was first described in 1950, and in most research cases have been used for gynecological infections.

Rokitamycin is a macrolide antibiotic synthesized from strains of Streptomyces kitasatoensis.

Miocamycin is a macrolide antibiotic. It has a spectrum activity similar to that of Erythromycin, but shows higher antimicrobial effect against certain bacteria including Legionella pneumophila (the causative agent of Legionnaires' Disease), Mycoplasma hominis, and Ureaplasma urealyticum. In-vivo studies have further expounded on Miocamycin's efficacy, reporting that the medication is more effective than in-vitro data suggests.

Flurithromycin is a second generation macrolide antibiotic. It is a fluorinated derivative of erythromycin A. It is a broad spectrum antibiotic with similar bactericidal action to erythromycin. Unlike erythromycin, flurithromycin is more tolerant of acidic environments, meaning more survives the digestion process, resulting in higher serum levels, and more efficacious elimination of susceptible bacteria, including staphylococcus aureus and streptococcus pyogenes.

Boromycin is a bacteriocidal polyether-macrolide antibiotic. It was initially isolated from the Streptomyces antibioticus, and is notable for being the first natural product found to contain the element boron. It is effective against most gram-positive bacteria, but is ineffective against gram-negative bacteria. Boromycin kills bacteria by negatively affecting the cytoplasmic membrane, resulting in the loss of potassium ions from the cell. Boromycin has not been approved as a drug for medical use.

Macrocin is a macrolide antibiotic. Biosynthetically, it is produced from demethylmacrocin by demethylmacrocin O-methyltransferase and is converted to tylosin, an antibiotic used in veterinary medicine, by macrocin O-methyltransferase.

Perimycin, also known as aminomycin and fungimycin, is polyene antibiotic produced by Streptomyces coelicolor var. aminophilus. The compound exhibits antifungal properties. __TOC__ == Composition == Perimycin is produced naturally as a mixture of three types: A, B and C, with type A being the major component. All types consist of a polyketide core with a perosamine sugar moiety. The variations occur at the end of the core opposite the perosamine moiety. Perimycin A has an aromatic group in this position, whereas the identities of the analogous groups in the other perimycin types are currently

Pentamycin, also called fungichromin, is a macrolide antimicrobial. Pentamycin is a polyene antifungal antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces pentaticus. It is used in the treatment of vaginal candidiasis, for the protozoal infection trichomoniasis, and mixed infections. A 3 mg vaginal pessary is inserted once or twice daily for 5-10 days. It is also used to treat pulmonary aspergillosis as a dry powder inhalation system.

Tilmicosin is a macrolide antibiotic. It is distributed under the brand name Micotil. It is used in veterinary medicine for the treatment of bovine respiratory disease and enzootic pneumonia caused by Mannheimia (Pasteurella) haemolytica in sheep. In humans, Tilmicosin causes fatal cardiotoxic effects at amounts greater than 1 milliliter when injected, something most commonly seen in veterinary personnel and farmers. Tilmicosin, like most macrolides, is a Calcium channel blocker. However, because Micotil is formulated for animals like cows, it has exceptionally more potent Ca channel blocking

Anthracimycin is a polyketide antibiotic discovered in 2013. Anthracimycin is derived from marine actinobacteria. In preliminary laboratory research, it has shown activity against Bacillus anthracis, the bacteria that causes anthrax, and against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).

Nargenicin (CP-47,444, CS-682) is a 28 carbon macrolide with a fused tricyclic core that has in addition a unique ether bridge. The polyketide antibiotic was isolated from Nocardia argentinensis. Nargenicin is effective towards gram-positive bacteria and been shown to have strong antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, including strains that are resistant to methicillin. It has also been shown to induce cell differentiation and inhibit cell proliferation in a human myeloid leukemia cell line. __TOC__ ==Biosynthesis== The biosynthesis of nargenicin is believed to be closely relate

Pikromycin was studied by Brokmann and Hekel in 1951 and was the first antibiotic macrolide to be isolated. Pikromycin is synthesized through a type I polyketide synthase system in Streptomyces venezuelae, a species of Gram-positive bacterium in the genus Streptomyces. Pikromycin is derived from narbonolide, a 14-membered ring macrolide. Along with the narbonolide backbone, pikromycin includes a desosamine sugar and a hydroxyl group. Although Pikromycin is not a clinically useful antibiotic, it can be used as a raw material to synthesize antibiotic ketolide compounds such as erythromycins and