Medieval Islamic philosophers

Ibn Sina ( – 22 June 1037), commonly known in the West as Avicenna ( ), was a preeminent philosopher and physician of the Muslim world. He was a seminal figure of the Islamic Golden Age, serving in the courts of various Iranian rulers, and was influential to medieval European medical and Scholastic thought.

Arab historiographer and historian

Jalāl al-Dīn Muḥammad Rūmī, commonly known as Rumi (30 September 1207 – 17 December 1273), was a Sufi mystic, poet, and founder of the Islamic brotherhood known as the Mevlevi Order. His family hailed from Balkh. Rumi is an influential figure in Sufism, and his thought and works loom large both in Persian literature and mystic poetry in general. Today, his translated works are enjoyed all over the world.

Al-Ghazali, ( ( – 19 December 1111), Latinized as Algazelus, was a Shafi'i Sunni Muslim Iranian scholar and polymath. He is known as one of the most prominent and influential jurisconsults, legal theoreticians, muftis, philosophers, theologians, logicians and mystics in Islamic history.

Ibn Rushd (14 April 112611 December 1198), Latinized as Averroes, was an Andalusian polymath and jurist who was proficient in a variety of intellectual fields, including philosophy, theology, medicine, astronomy, physics, psychology, mathematics, neurology, Islamic jurisprudence and law, and linguistics. The author of more than 100 books and treatises, his philosophical works include numerous commentaries on Aristotle, for which he was known in the Western world as "The Commentator" and "Father of Rationalism".

Persian physicist, mathematician and astronomer (c. 965 – c. 1040)

thumbnail|200px|Postage stamp of the USSR, issued on the 1100th anniversary of the birth of Al-Farabi (1975) Abu Nasr Muhammad al-Farabi (; – 14 December 950–12 January 951), known in the Latin West as Alpharabius, was an early Islamic philosopher and music theorist. He has been designated as "Father of Islamic Neoplatonism", and the "Founder of Islamic Political Philosophy".

Sufi scholar and Sunni philosopher (1165–1240)

Abū Yūsuf Yaʻqūb ibn ʼIsḥāq aṣ-Ṣabbāḥ al-Kindī (; ; ; ) was an Arab polymath who was active as a philosopher, mathematician, physician, and music theorist. Al-Kindi was the first of the Islamic peripatetic philosophers, and is hailed as the "father of Arab philosophy".

Iraqi sufi and poet

'''Abu al-Ala al-Ma'arri (; December 973May 1057), also known by his Latin name Abulola Moarrensis''', was an Arab philosopher, poet, and writer from Ma'arrat al-Nu'man, Emirate of Aleppo (in present day Syria). Because of his antireligious worldview, he is known as one of the "foremost atheists" of his time", although his worldview was closer to deism. However, in his defensive treatise Zajr al-Nabeh (The Repelling of the Barker)—a manuscript edited and published in 1965—al-Ma'arri explicitly identified himself as a faithful Muslim and systematically refuted the accusations of heresy leveled

Andalusian Muslim polymath, historian, jurist, philosopher and theologian (994–1064)

Abū Bakr Muḥammad ibn Yaḥya ibn aṣ-Ṣā’igh at-Tūjībī ibn Bājja (), known simply as Ibn Bajja () or his Latinized name Avempace (;  – 1138), was an Arab polymath, whose writings include works regarding astronomy, physics, and music, as well as philosophy, medicine, botany, and poetry.

Arab Muslim polymath (c. 1105–1185)

11th-century Persian Isma'ili poet, scholar, philosopher, and missionary

Arab polymath and physician (1213–1288)

12th-century Sunni Muslim theologian and philosopher

Persian philosopher and founder of the school of Illuminationism

Ibn Miskuyah ( Muskūyah, 932–1030), (Arabic: مِسْكَوَيْه، أبو علي محمد بن أحمد بن يعقوب مسكويه الرازي) full name Abū ʿAlī Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad ibn Yaʿqūb Miskawayh al-Rāzī was a Persian chancery official of the Buyid era, and philosopher and historian from Parandak, Iran. As a Neoplatonist, his influence on Islamic philosophy is primarily in the area of ethics. He was the author of the first major Islamic work on philosophical ethics entitled the Refinement of Character ( Tahdhīb al-Akhlāq), focusing on practical ethics, conduct, and the refinement of character. He separated personal ethics from

Egyptian mathematician (c. 950–1009)

12th-century Iberian Arab astronomer and Qadi

Persian philosopher and scientist

Abū al-Fath Abd al-Rahman Mansūr al-Khāzini or simply al-Khāzini (; flourished 1115–1130) was an Iranian astronomer, mechanician and physicist of Byzantine Greek origin who lived during the Seljuk Empire. His astronomical tables, written under the patronage of Sultan Sanjar ('''', 1115), are considered to be one of the major works in mathematical astronomy of the medieval period. He is considered to have been one of the greatest scientists of his era, among the greatest makers of scientific instruments of any time, and as "the physicist of all physicists".

Abū al-Qāsim Sulaymān ibn Aḥmad ibn Ayyūb ibn Muṭayyir al-Lakhmī ash-Shāmī aṭ-Ṭabarānī () (873/874–970/971 CE/260–360 AH), commonly known as at-Tabarani (), was a Sunni Muslim scholar and traditionist known for the extensive volumes of narrations he published.

Tāj al-Dīn Abū al-Fath Muhammad ibn `Abd al-Karīm ash-Shahrastānī (; 1086–1153 CE), also known as Muhammad al-Shahrastānī, was an influential Persian historian of religions, a historiographer, Islamic scholar, philosopher and theologian. His book, Kitab al-Milal wa al-Nihal (lit. The Book of Sects and Creeds) was one of the pioneers in developing an objective and philosophical approach to the study of religions.

Iranian sufi poet and philosopher

12th century Iraqi Islamic philosopher, physicist and physician

10th-century Arab Muslim scholar

Persian theologian and philosopher (died 992)

10th century Persian Islamic humanist philosopher

Muslim philosopher

Andalusian scholar

12th-century Arab-Sicilian philosopher and politician

Persian mystical or Sufi philosopher (1207-1274)

Arab philosopher lived in Persia

Persian philosopher

Andalusian Muslim jurist and political theorist

Andalusian grammarian and philosopher

Persian Muslim Intellectual

Shams al-Din Muhammad Mahmud Shahrazuri () knowns as Shahrazuri () was a 13th-century Muslim physician, historian and philosopher. He was of Kurdish origin. It appears that he was alive in AD 1288. However, it is also said that he died in the same year.

Philosopher, scholar

tenth-century Egyptian alchemist

Persian poet and philosopher

Turkish preacher

11th century Isma'ili Muslim scholar

9th century Persian historian and philosopher

founder of the Karramiyya sect

Indian theologian

Indian Sufi philosopher

sufi saint who founded the Madari sect

late 10th/early 11th century Persian Ismaili scholar

sufi saint

Muslim scholar