Metallurgy

thumb|right|alt=refer to caption|Iron, shown here as fragments and a 1 cm3 cube, is an example of a [[chemical element that is a metal.]] thumb|right|alt=A metal gravy boat|Metal in the form of a gravy boat made from [[stainless steel, an alloy largely composed of iron, chromium and nickel]]

Metallurgy is a domain of materials science and engineering that studies the physical and chemical behavior of metallic elements, their inter-metallic compounds, and their mixtures, which are known as alloys.

thumb|300x300px|From left to right: three alloys (beryllium copper, [[Inconel, steel) and three pure metals (titanium, aluminium, magnesium)]] An alloy is a mixture of chemical elements of which in most cases at least one is a metallic element, although it is also sometimes used for mixtures of elements; herein only metallic alloys are described. Metallic alloys often have properties that differ from those of the pure elements from which they are made. The vast majority of metals used for commercial purposes are alloyed to improve their properties or behavior, such as increased strength, hardn

thumb|Corrosion on exposed metal, including a bolt (fastener)|bolt and nut

metal resistant to corrosion and oxidation in moist air, e.g. ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, silver, osmium, iridium, platinum, and gold

type of metallurgical furnace used for smelting to produce industrial metals

chart used to show conditions at which physical phases of a substance occur

branch of physics focused on matter in the solid state

Tribology is the science and engineering of understanding friction, lubrication and wear phenomena for interacting surfaces in relative motion. It is highly interdisciplinary, drawing on many academic fields, including physics, chemistry, materials science, mathematics, biology and engineering. The fundamental objects of study in tribology are tribosystems, which are physical systems of contacting surfaces. Subfields of tribology include biotribology, nanotribology and space tribology. It is also related to other areas such as the coupling of corrosion and tribology in tribocorrosion and the c

Cementite (or iron carbide) is a compound of iron and carbon, more precisely an intermediate transition metal carbide with the formula Fe3C. By weight, it is 6.67% carbon and 93.3% iron. It has an orthorhombic crystal structure. It is a hard, brittle material, normally classified as a ceramic in its pure form, and is a frequently found and important constituent in ferrous metallurgy. While cementite is present in most steels and cast irons, it is produced as a raw material in the iron carbide process, which belongs to the family of alternative ironmaking technologies. The name cementite origin

thumb|Scanning electron microscope|SEM micrograph of etched pearlite, 2000X.

process of heating something to alter it

thumb|Copper roof on the Minneapolis City Hall, coated with patina thumb|upright|The Dresden Frauenkirche. The church was destroyed during the [[bombing of Dresden in 1945 and rebuilt from 1993 to 2005 with new material; the stones with the black patina are the parts that survived the firebombing from the original 18th-century church.]] thumb|Pre-colonial copper coin formerly used in the Copper Belt ([[Democratic Republic of the Congo and Zambia). The external layer has been weathered by moisture and rain, leading to the oxidation of copper.]]

type of chemicals used in metallurgy added to the molten metals to bond with impurities that can be removed

Bimetal refers to an object that is composed of two separate metals joined together. Instead of being a mixture of two or more metals, like alloys, bimetallic objects consist of layers of different metals. Trimetal and tetrametal refer to objects composed of three and four separate metals respectively. A bimetal bar is usually made of brass and iron.

thumb|4x speed video of floc settling after adding flocculant polymers during a jar test.

thumb|right|250px|Iron-carbon phase diagram, showing the iron-carbon phase diagram (near the lower left). In iron and steel metallurgy, ledeburite is a mixture of 4.3% carbon in iron and is a eutectic mixture of austenite and cementite. Ledeburite is not a type of steel as the carbon level is too high although it may occur as a separate constituent in some high carbon steels. It is mostly found with cementite or pearlite in a range of cast irons.

thumb|Bainite in steel with composition Fe–0.98C–1.46Si–1.89Mn–0.26Mo–1.26Cr–0.09V wt%, which was transformed at 200 °C for 15 days

thumb|A micrograph of bronze revealing a cast dendritic structure

furnace heated by a controlled electric arc

pouring liquid metal into a mold

thermite reaction being a prominent example

thumb|right|Nickel superalloy jet engine (RB199) turbine blade A superalloy, sometimes called a heat-resistant superalloy (HRSA) or a high-performance alloy, is an alloy with the ability to operate at a high fraction of its melting point. Key characteristics of a superalloy include mechanical strength, thermal creep deformation resistance, surface stability, and corrosion and oxidation resistance.

pile built of accumulated spoil

thumb|upright=1.5|Polycrystalline structures composed of crystallites. Clockwise from top left:a) malleable ironb) [[electrical steel without coatingc) solar cells made of multicrystalline silicond) galvanized surface of zince) micrograph of acid etched metal highlighting grain boundaries]]

any material trapped inside a mineral during its formation

alloy that "remembers" its original shape and that when deformed returns to its pre-deformed shape when heated

Hydrometallurgy is a technique within the field of extractive metallurgy, the obtaining of metals from their ores. Hydrometallurgy uses solutions to recover metals from ores, concentrates, and recycled or residual materials. Usually the extracting solution is aqueous (water-based), often containing additives such as acids. In select cases, the extracting solvent is nonaqueous. Processing techniques that complement hydrometallurgy are pyrometallurgy, vapour metallurgy, and molten salt electrometallurgy. Hydrometallurgy is typically divided into three general areas: Leaching Solution concentrati

concept in materials science: the interface between two grains, or crystallites, in a polycrystalline material

solid metallic material with disordered atomic-scale structure

deterioration of tin objects at low temperatures

metal that does not contain iron in appreciable amounts

The fineness of a precious metal object (coin, bar, jewelry, etc.) represents the weight of fine metal therein, in proportion to the total weight which includes alloying base metals and any impurities. Alloy metals are added to increase the hardness and durability of coins and jewelry, alter colors, decrease the cost per weight, or avoid the cost of high-purity refinement.. For example, copper is added to the precious metal silver to make a more durable alloy for use in coins, housewares and jewelry. Coin silver, which was used for making silver coins in the past, contains 90% silver and 10% c

thumb|A worker Pickling (metal)|pickling tin in a tin factory in South Wales during World War I thumb|A worker removes tin plates from an annealing stand in a South Wales factory during World War I Tinplate consists of sheets of steel coated with a thin layer of tin to impede rusting. Before the advent of cheap mild steel, the backing metal (known as "") was wrought iron. While once more widely used, the primary use of tinplate now is the manufacture of tin cans.

furnace in which the subject material is isolated from the fuel and products of combustion

step of the processing of certain ores

thumb|Metallography allows the metallurgist to study the microstructure of metals. thumb|A micrograph of bronze revealing a cast dendritic structure 200px |thumb |right |Aluminium|Al-Si microstructure

class of metals that are extraordinarily resistant to heat and wear

The sclerometer, also known as the Turner-sclerometer (from meaning "hard"), is an instrument used by metallurgists, material scientists and mineralogists to measure the scratch hardness of materials. It was invented in 1896 by Thomas Turner (1861–1951), the first Professor of metallurgy in Britain, at the University of Birmingham.

thermodynamic principle of metallurgy

Pyrometallurgy is a branch of extractive metallurgy. It consists of the thermal treatment of minerals and metallurgical ores and concentrates to bring about physical and chemical transformations in the materials to enable recovery of valuable metals. Pyrometallurgical treatment may produce products able to be sold such as pure metals, or intermediate compounds or alloys, suitable as feed for further processing. Examples of elements extracted by pyrometallurgical processes include the oxides of less reactive elements like iron, copper, zinc, chromium, tin, and manganese.

point defect in a crystal

ore extraction process

thumb|Jominy test dimensioning thumb|Jominy test apparatus thumb|Used Jominy test-piece

process by which deformed grains are replaced by a new set of defect-free grains that nucleate and grow until the original grains have been entirely consumed

plot of temperature versus time

long, whisker-like projection that form from metal objects over time

form different types of steel

term for the liquid generated by smelting non-ferrous metals, such as copper

chemical compound

distribution of crystallographic orientations of a polycrystalline sample

Process

it refers to the technology and building to obtain iron

method of strengthening materials by changing grain size

term in physics

form of iron ore

Deoxidization is a method used in metallurgy to remove the rest of oxygen content from previously reduced iron ore during steel manufacturing. In contrast, antioxidants are used for stabilization, such as in the storage of food. Deoxidation is important in the steelmaking process as oxygen is often detrimental to the quality of steel produced. Deoxidization is mainly achieved by adding a separate chemical species to neutralize the effects of oxygen or by directly removing the oxygen.

ferrite with a acicular microstructure

for converting Iron into blast furnace grade steel by fusing it with other minerals