Muscular system

Muscle is a specialised soft tissue, one of the four basic types of animal tissues. There are three types of muscle tissues in vertebrates:- skeletal muscle tissue, cardiac muscle tissue, and smooth muscle tissue. Muscle tissue gives skeletal muscles the ability to contract and relax. Muscle tissue contains special contractile proteins called actin and myosin which interact to cause movement. Among many other muscle proteins present are two regulatory proteins, troponin and tropomyosin. Muscle is formed during embryonic development, in a process known as myogenesis.

organ system consisting of skeletal, smooth, and round cardiac muscles

middle layer of the heart wall, which consists of cardiac muscle

one of three major muscle types

involuntary non-striated muscle

Hypertrophy is an increase in the size of individual cells. In multicellular organisms, growth is typically achieved through a combination of this cellular enlargement and hyperplasia, which is an increase in the number of cells. While distinct processes, they often occur concurrently. Hypertrophy can lead to a relative increase in the volume of a tissue or organ, and contributes to the overall growth of an organism. In organisms characterized by eutely, where the total number of somatic cells is fixed upon reaching maturity, post-embryonic growth is achieved almost exclusively through hypertr

A sphincter is a circular muscle that normally maintains constriction of a natural body passage or orifice and relaxes as required by normal physiological functioning. Sphincters are found in many animals. There are over 60 types in the human body, some microscopically small, in particular the millions of precapillary sphincters. Sphincters relax at death, often releasing fluids and fæces.

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process in which force is generated within muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity

A sarcomere (Greek σάρξ sarx "flesh", μέρος meros "part") is the smallest functional unit of striated muscle tissue. It is the repeating unit between two Z-lines. Skeletal muscles are composed of tubular muscle cells (called muscle fibers or myofibers) which are formed during embryonic myogenesis. Muscle fibers contain numerous tubular myofibrils. Myofibrils are composed of repeating sections of sarcomeres, which appear under the microscope as alternating dark and light bands. Sarcomeres are composed of long, fibrous proteins as filaments that slide past each other when a muscle contracts or r

medical injection into a muscle

continuous and passive partial contraction of the muscles

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Troponin, or the troponin complex, is a complex of three regulatory proteins (troponin C, troponin I, and troponin T) that are integral to muscle contraction in skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle, but not smooth muscle. Measurements of cardiac-specific troponins I and T are extensively used as diagnostic and prognostic indicators in the management of myocarditis, myocardial infarction and acute coronary syndrome. Blood levels of cardiac troponin (cTn) may be used as a diagnostic marker for stroke or other myocardial injury that is ongoing, although the sensitivity of this measurement is low.

muscle in the part of the eye called the iris

smooth muscle of the eye

muscle tissue with repeating functional units called sarcomeres

flat plane of skeletal muscle fibers, elliptical in shape and intimately adherent to the skin surrounding the margin of the anus

group of three muscles of the palm

T-tubules (transverse tubules) are extensions of the cell membrane that penetrate into the center of skeletal and cardiac muscle cells. With membranes that contain large concentrations of ion channels, transporters, and pumps, T-tubules permit rapid transmission of the action potential into the cell, and also play an important role in regulating cellular calcium concentration.

enlargement or overgrowth of a muscle organ

thumb|right|Galvanism: electrodes touch a frog, and the legs twitch into the upward position Galvanism is a term coined by the late 18th-century physicist and chemist Alessandro Volta to refer to the generation of electric current by chemical action. The term also came to refer to the discoveries of its namesake, Luigi Galvani, specifically the generation of electric current within biological organisms and the contraction/convulsion of biological muscle tissue upon contact with electric current. While Volta theorized and later demonstrated the phenomenon of his "Galvanism" to be replicable wit

Tropomyosin is a two-stranded alpha-helical, coiled coil protein found in many animal and fungal cells. In animals, it is an important component of the muscular system which works in conjunction with troponin to regulate muscle contraction. It is present in smooth and striated muscle tissues, which can be found in various organs and body systems, including the heart, blood vessels, respiratory system, and digestive system. In fungi, tropomyosin is found in cell walls and helps maintain the structural integrity of cells.

type of muscle

The endomysium, meaning within the muscle, is a wispy layer of areolar connective tissue that ensheaths each individual muscle fiber, or muscle cell. It also contains capillaries and nerves. It overlies the muscle fiber's cell membrane: the sarcolemma. Endomysium is the deepest and smallest component of muscle connective tissue. This thin layer helps provide an appropriate chemical environment for the exchange of calcium, sodium, and potassium, which is essential for the excitation and subsequent contraction of a muscle fiber.

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Perimysium is a sheath of dense irregular connective tissue that groups muscle fibers into bundles (anywhere between 10 and 100 or more) or fascicles.

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Epimysium (plural epimysia) (Greek epi- for on, upon, or above + Greek mys for muscle) is the fibrous tissue envelope that surrounds muscle. It is a layer of dense irregular connective tissue which ensheaths the entire muscle and protects muscles from friction against other muscles and bones. It also allows a muscle to contract and move powerfully while maintaining its structural integrity.

anatomy term for the human body minus the limbs

Smooth muscle relaxant are the drugs that reduces the tone of smooth muscles

thumb|300px|Myoblasts (cells with a single nucleus, represented in violet) fusing together to form Skeletal muscle#Skeletal muscle cells|muscle fibers (multinucleated muscle cells) during myogenesis

thumb|right|upright|Fish fillet|Filet of [[salmon showing the zig-zagging pattern of its myomeres. The white fascia divides each myomere from its neighbors]] Myomeres are blocks of skeletal muscle tissue arranged in sequence, commonly found in aquatic chordates. Myomeres are separated from adjacent myomeres by fascia consisting of connective tissue, known as myosepta. Myomere counts are sometimes used for identifying specimens using meristics, since their number corresponds to the number of vertebrae in the adults. Myomere location varies, with some species containing these only near the tails

bundle of skeletal muscle fibers surrounded by perimysium, a type of connective tissue

Interossei refer to muscles between certain bones. There are many interossei in a human body. Specific interossei include:

muscles terminology

chiasma of facial muscles

thumb|A pair of AFO (Ankle Foot Orthosis) braces being used to aid bilateral foot drop Orthotics (), also known as orthology, is a medical specialty that focuses on the design and application of orthoses, sometimes known as braces, calipers, or splints. An is "an externally applied device used to influence the structural and functional characteristics of the neuromuscular and skeletal systems." Orthotists are medical professionals who specialize in designing orthotic devices such as braces or foot orthoses.

Myotoxins are small, basic peptides found in snake venoms (e.g. rattlesnakes) and lizard venoms (e.g. Mexican beaded lizard). This involves a non-enzymatic mechanism that leads to severe muscle necrosis. These peptides act very quickly, causing instantaneous paralysis to prevent prey from escaping and eventually death due to diaphragmatic paralysis.

ability

collection of skeletal muscles

display of extreme strength by humans and some animals, usually occurring when in life-and-death situations

operation of opposing sets of muscles

muscle contraction that maintains constant tension as the muscle changes length

medial part of the posterior wall of the inguinal canal

a procedure in which a piece of muscle tissue is removed from an organism and examined microscopically.

permanent shortening of a muscle

compartment beneath the inguinal ligament

anatomical region under the shoulder joint, bordered by the armpit, containing the axillary artery, vein, brachial plexus, lymph nodes, and fat

Explanation of muscle contraction

skeletal standard muscle fibers