Plant anatomy

thumb|The diversity of leaves, including Bismarckia, [[Araucaria, Euphorbia, Nymphaea, Colocasia, Hildegardia, Picea, Melocactus, Cycas, Acer, Yucca, Ferocactus, and Ocimum.|401x401px]] thumb|Leaf of Tilia tomentosa (silver linden tree) thumb|Diagram of a simple leaf. thumb|Top and right: staghorn sumac, Rhus typhina (compound leaf) Bottom: skunk cabbage, [[Symplocarpus foetidus (simple leaf) ]]

structural axis of a vascular plant, supporting leaves, flowers and fruits

thumb|Colorized scanning electron microscope image of pollen grains from a variety of common plants: sunflower (Helianthus annuus), morning glory ([[Ipomoea purpurea), prairie hollyhock (Sidalcea malviflora), oriental lily (Lilium auratum), evening primrose (Oenothera fruticosa), and castor bean (Ricinus communis).]] thumb|Pollen tube diagram

thumb|upright=1.2|Ulluku (Ullucus tuberosus) tubers

thumb|300x300px|Plant cell structure thumb|300x300px|Animal cell structure A vacuole () is a membrane-bound organelle which is present in plant and fungal cells and some protist, animal, and bacterial cells. Vacuoles are essentially enclosed compartments which are filled with water containing inorganic and organic molecules including enzymes in solution, though in certain cases they may contain solids which have been engulfed. Vacuoles are formed by the fusion of multiple membrane vesicles and are effectively just larger forms of these. The organelle has no basic shape or size; its structure v

thumb|right|250px|Stamens of a Hippeastrum with white filaments and prominent anthers carrying [[pollen]]

thumb|An antique spurge plant, Euphorbia antiquorum, sending out white rhizomes

thumb|323x323px|Xylem (blue) transports water and minerals from the roots upwards.|alt=

thumb|upright=1.2|Phloem (orange) transports products of photosynthesis to various parts of the plant.|alt= thumb|Cross-section of a flax plant stem:

thumb|Stoma in a tomato leaf shown via colorized [[scanning electron microscope image]] thumb|A stoma in horizontal cross section thumb|The underside of a leaf. In this species (Tradescantia zebrina), the guard cells of the stomata are green because they contain chlorophyll while the epidermal cells are chlorophyll-free and contain red pigments.

thumb|Tunica-corpus model of the apical meristem (growing tip). The epidermal (L1) and subepidermal (L2) layers form the outer layers called the Tunica (biology)|tunica. The corpus (L3) will form the vascular and stem tissues. Cells in the outer layers divide in a sideways fashion relative to each other, which keeps these layers distinct, whereas the lower layer divides in a more random fashion in all directions.|right

thumb|360px|Diagram showing the alternation of generations between a diploid sporophyte (bottom) and a haploid gametophyte (top)

thumb|Cotyledon from a Judas-tree (Cercis siliquastrum, a dicot) seedling thumb|Comparison of a monocot and dicot sprouting. The visible part of the monocot plant (left) is actually the first true leaf produced from the meristem; the cotyledon itself remains within the seed.

thumb|Location of ovules inside a Helleborus foetidus flower

eukaryotic cell present in green plants

study of the internal structure of plants

part of a plant

outermost single layer of cells in plants. the outer protective layer of cells of a plant, which may be thickened by a cuticle

A sporangium (from Late Latin, ; : sporangia) is an enclosure in which spores are formed. It can be composed of a single cell or can be multicellular. Virtually all plants, fungi, and many other groups form sporangia at some point in their life cycle. Sporangia can produce spores by mitosis, but in land plants and many fungi, sporangia produce genetically distinct haploid spores by meiosis.

complex conducting tissue in plants

thumb|upright=1.4|A mature flower. In this example, the perianth is separated into a calyx (sepals) and corolla (petals)

250px|thumb|Thylakoids (dark green) inside a chloroplast Thylakoids are membrane-bound compartments inside chloroplasts and cyanobacteria. They are the site of the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis. Thylakoids consist of a thylakoid membrane surrounding a thylakoid lumen. Chloroplast thylakoids frequently form stacks of disks referred to as grana (singular: granum). Grana are connected by intergranal or stromal thylakoids, which join granum stacks together as a single functional compartment.

right|thumb|240px|Diagram of archegonium anatomy An archegonium (: archegonia), from the Ancient Greek ἀρχή ("beginning") and γόνος ("offspring"), is a multicellular structure or organ of the gametophyte phase of certain plants, producing and containing the ovum or female gamete. The corresponding male organ is called the antheridium. The archegonium has a long neck canal or venter and a swollen base. Archegonia are typically located on the surface of the plant thallus, although in the hornworts they are embedded. __TOC__

thumb|right|An aril that surrounds the nutmeg seed is used as a [[spice called mace]] thumb|right|The edible white aril of Litchi chinensis is sometimes called an arillode or false aril. It grows partly from the funiculus and partly from the [[integument of the seed.]]

Rhizoids are protuberances that extend from the lower epidermal cells of bryophytes and algae. They are similar in structure and function to the root hairs of vascular land plants. Similar structures are formed by some fungi. Rhizoids may be unicellular or multicellular.

thumb|upright=1.2|The structure of a primary plasmodesma. CW=cell wall, CA=[[callose, PM=plasma membrane, ER=endoplasmic reticulum, DM=desmotubule, Red circles=actin, Purple circles and spokes=other unidentified proteins]]

thumb|300px|Leaf litter on the forest floor. Annual autumn leaf drop in [[temperate zones is caused by the abscission of the mature leaves from the growth season in response to the approach of cold winter weather.]]

alt=Here is a diagram of antheridium structure in a liverwort, which is representative of most antheridia structures throughout species. It is a thin cellular layer that encapsulates many sperm cells.|thumb|General structure of antheridia. Antheridia consist of a thin cellular layer that holds many sperm inside. Here, the diagram of a liverwort antheridium is shown.

protecting film covering the epidermis of leaves, young shoots and other aerial plant organs

the stalk of a plant bearing an inflorescence or solitary flower

thumb|220px|In radial section, two tracheids of a coniferous wood species are shown. A series of bordered Pit (botany)|pits are also appearing in each tracheid. thumb|150px|A tracheid of oak shows pits along the walls. It has no perforation plates. Angiosperms have both tracheids and vessel elements.

a longitudinal strand of vascular tissue in the stems and leaves of higher plants

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thumb|The underside of a fertile frond of Dicksonia antarctica. Each circular brown structure is an individual sorus.

part of a plant

thumb|Flower clusters along the edge of the phylloclades/cladodes of Phyllanthus angustifolius Phylloclades and cladodes are flattened, photosynthetic shoots, which are usually considered to be modified branches. The two terms are used either differently or interchangeably by different authors. Phyllocladus, a genus of conifer, is named after these structures. Phylloclades/cladodes have been identified in fossils dating from as early as the Permian.

250px|right|thumb|Sambucus|Elder shoot cut longitudinally to show the broad, solid pith (rough textured, white) inside the wood (smooth, yellow tinged). Scale in millimeters. 250px|right|thumb|Walnut shoot cut longitudinally to show the chambered pith found in this genus. Scale in millimeters. Pith, or medulla, is a tissue in the stems of vascular plants. Pith is composed of soft, spongy parenchyma cells, which in some cases can store starch. In eudicotyledons, pith is located in the center of the stem. In monocotyledons, it extends only into roots. The pith is encircled by a ring of xylem; th

thumb|Scheme of biosynthesis of cutin and lignin

thumb|A section of hydathode in the leaf of Primula sinensis ([[Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary)]] A hydathode is a type of pore, commonly found in vascular plants, that secretes water through pores in the epidermis or leaf margin, typically at the tip of a tooth or serration. These structures help plants regulate fluid balance and filter nutrients, functioning somewhat like tiny kidneys in leaves. Hydathodes are found in a wide variety of plants, from ferns to flowering trees, but can also serve as entry points for harmful bacteria.

part of a plant. any of the hollow hairlike outgrowths of the outer cells of a root, just behind the tip, that absorb water and salts from the soil

ground tissue is one of three main tissue systems: protective, ground, and vascular, each tissue system has a different role and functionality inside plant tissues

a group of cells at the tip of the root, rubbed off by the motion of the root tip through the soil and constantly renewed from within

botanical term for vascular cylinder

thumb|Diagram of Scouler's willow (Salix scouleriana) seed, indicating position of hypocotyl. The hypocotyl (short for "hypocotyledonous stem", meaning "below seed leaf") is the stem of a germinating seedling, found below the cotyledons (seed leaves) and above the radicle (root).

one of the cell types found in xylem, the water conducting tissue of plants; typically found in angiosperms but absent from most gymnosperms such as conifers; main feature distinguishing the "hardwood" of angiosperms from the "softwood" of conifers

fibre obtained from the phloem tissues of many plants, used for textiles, rope, and paper

250px|right|thumb|Beech is a popular hardwood

REDIRECT Fruit (plant structure)#Endocarp

Lateral growth of a plant axis (shoot axis or root) that is an increase in thickness resulting from formation of secondary vascular tissues by the vascular cambium.

thin tissue surrounding a stele

thumb|300px|The apoplastic and symplastic pathways The apoplast is the network of cell walls, intercellular spaces, and xylem vessels in plants that allows the movement of water, ions, and small molecules outside the plasma membrane. It forms a continuous extracellular pathway, distinct from the symplast, which involves cytoplasmic transport through plasmodesmata. Water and solutes moving via the apoplast bypass the selective control of the plasma membrane, allowing rapid bulk flow across tissues.

Phytoliths (from Greek, "plant stone") are rigid, microscopic mineral deposits found in some plant tissues, often persisting after the decay of the plant. Although some use "phytolith" to refer to all mineral secretions by plants, it more commonly refers to siliceous plant remains. Phytoliths come in varying shapes and sizes. The plants which exhibit them take up dissolved silica from the groundwater, whereupon it is deposited within different intracellular and extracellular structures of the plant.

thumb|300px|The apoplastic and symplastic pathways

In biology, setae (; seta ; ) are any of a number of different bristle- or hair-like structures on living organisms.

elongated cell in the phloem tissue of flowering plants

The chalaza (; ; : chalazas or chalazae ) is a structure inside bird eggs and plant ovules. It attaches or suspends the yolk or nucellus within the larger structure.

thumb|Schematic image of wheat coleoptile (above) and flag leaf (below) thumb|Young seedling breaks through the tip of the coleoptile (left). The majority of the tissue remains ungreening throughout the lifecycle (right). Coleoptile is the pointed protective sheath covering the emerging shoot in monocotyledons such as grasses in which few leaf primordia and shoot apex of monocot embryo remain enclosed. The coleoptile protects the first leaf as well as the growing stem in seedlings and eventually, allows the first leaf to emerge. Coleoptiles have two vascular bundles, one on either side. Unlike

thumb|The caudex of a tree fern resembles the trunk of a woody plant, but has a different structure. thumb|The caudex of Jatropha cathartica is [[pachycaul, with thickening that provides water storage.]] thumb|Certain cacti can develop a caudex too; here Acanthocereus maculatus A caudex (: caudices) of a plant is a stem, but the term is also used to mean a rootstock and particularly a basal stem structure from which new growth arises.

thumb|Fresh mount of a sclereid in a banana fruit Sclereids are a reduced form of sclerenchyma cells with highly thickened, lignified cellular walls that form small bundles of durable layers of tissue in most plants. The presence of numerous sclereids form the cores of apples and produce the gritty texture of guavas.