RNA

thumb|A hairpin loop from a pre-mRNA. Highlighted are the nucleobases (green) and the ribose-phosphate backbone (blue). This is a single strand of RNA that folds back upon itself.

large biomolecules essential to known life

large family of RNA molecules that convey genetic information from DNA to the ribosome, where they specify the amino acid sequence of the protein products of gene expression

adaptor molecule composed of RNA, typically 76–90 nucleotides, that carries amino acids to the ribosome as directed by codons in mRNA

thumb|3D structure of a hammerhead ribozyme

RNA component of the ribosome, essential for protein synthesis in all living organisms

class of enzymes that synthesize RNA from a DNA template

any process of posttranscriptional gene inactivation mediated by small RNA molecules that may trigger mRNA degradation or down-regulate translation

hypothetical phase of the history of life, in which self-replicating RNA proliferated

nitrogen-containing biological compounds that form nucleosides

subclass of viruses

vaccine that transfects synthetic RNA, reprogramming cells to make foreign protein that stimulates an adaptive immune response

thumb|400px|Pre-miRNA instead of Pri-miRNA in the first point of mechanism. Diagram of microRNA (miRNA) action with mRNA thumb|400px|Examples of miRNA hairpins (stem-loops), with the mature miRNAs shown in red

succession of letters that indicate the order of nucleotides within a DNA (using GACT) or RNA (GACU) molecule

biomolecule

class of RNA that is not translated into proteins

process that modulates frequency, rate or extent of gene expression

class of RNA molecules, found in splicing speckles and Cajal bodies, about 150 nucleotides long

End-to-end chemical orientation of a single strand of nucleic acid

processes by which an RNA primary transcript is chemically altered to produce a functional RNA molecule

covalent alteration of one or more nucleotides within an RNA molecule to produce an RNA molecule with a sequence that differs from that coded genetically

Non-coding regions on either end of mRNA

multi-protein intracellular complex capable of degrading various types of RNA molecules

In biochemistry, a ribonucleotide is a nucleotide containing ribose as its pentose component. It is considered a molecular precursor of nucleic acids. Nucleotides are the basic building blocks of DNA and RNA. Ribonucleotides themselves are basic monomeric building blocks for RNA. Deoxyribonucleotides, formed by reducing ribonucleotides with the enzyme ribonucleotide reductase (RNR), are essential building blocks for DNA. There are several differences between DNA deoxyribonucleotides and RNA ribonucleotides. Successive nucleotides are linked together via phosphodiester bonds.

The transcriptome is the set of all RNA molecules (transcripts) in a cell or a population of cells. It includes all of the functional RNA molecules and all other transcripts that may arise by spurious transcription or transcription of non-functional regions such as pseudogenes or virus fragments. A major goal of modern molecular biology is to determine which transcripts are functional and which ones are junk RNA.

nature of the roles of nucleic acid molecules in specifying amino acids: DNA is positive-sense if an RNA version of the same sequence is translated or translatable into protein, negative-sense if not

process that prevents the expression of a gene

the structure formed by double-stranded molecules of nucleic acids such as DNA.

thumb|An example of an RNA stem-loop

thumb|400px |Structure of a G-quadruplex. Left: a G-tetrad. Right: an intramolecular G4 complex.

enzyme that synthesizes RNA from an RNA template

largest class of small non-coding RNA molecules in animals

type of RNA

thumb|A 3D representation of the lysine riboswitch (Protein Data Bank|PDB code:3DIL, orange and blue tubes) bound to lysine (shown as grey, red and blue spheres in the upper middle of the structure) In molecular biology, a riboswitch is a regulatory segment of a messenger RNA molecule that binds a small molecule, resulting in a change in production of the proteins encoded by the mRNA. Thus, an mRNA that contains a riboswitch is directly involved in regulating its own activity, in response to the concentrations of its effector molecule. The discovery that modern organisms use RNA to bind small

ribonucleoprotein complex central to RNA interference

bifunctional RNA that has properties of a tRNA and an mRNA

non-protein coding transcripts longer than 200 nucleotides

class of small RNA molecules that guide chemical modifications of other RNAs

viroid-like element

snRNPs (pronounced "snurps"), or small nuclear ribonucleoproteins, are RNA-protein complexes that combine with unmodified pre-mRNA and various other proteins to form a spliceosome, a large RNA-protein molecular complex upon which splicing of pre-mRNA occurs. The action of snRNPs is essential to the removal of introns from pre-mRNA, a critical aspect of post-transcriptional modification of RNA, occurring only in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. Additionally, U7 snRNP is not involved in splicing at all, as U7 snRNP is responsible for processing the 3′ stem-loop of histone pre-mRNA.

thumb|300px|This example of a naturally occurring pseudoknot is found in the RNA component of human telomerase. Sequence from Chen and Greider (2005). thumb|300px|Three dimensional structure of almost the same pseudoknot from telomerase RNA. (A) sticks (B) backbone. The pdb-file is based on . Colors: A U C G __NOTOC__ A pseudoknot is a nucleic acid secondary structure containing at least two stem-loop structures in which half of one stem is intercalated between the two halves of another stem. The pseudoknot was first recognized in the turnip yellow mosaic virus in 1982. Pseudoknots fold into k

thumb|419x419px|Summary of RNA-Seq. Within the organism, genes are transcribed and (in a eukaryote|eukaryotic organism) spliced to produce mature mRNA transcripts (red). The mRNA is extracted from the organism, fragmented and copied into stable ds-cDNA (blue). The ds-cDNA is sequenced using high-throughput, short-read sequencing methods. These sequences can then be aligned to a reference genome sequence to reconstruct which genome regions were being transcribed. This data can be used to annotate where expressed genes are, their relative expression levels, and any alternative splice variants.

basepairing interactions within a single nucleic acid polymer or between two polymers, list of bases which are paired in a nucleic acid molecule

compound which is analogous (structurally similar) to naturally occurring RNA and DNA, used in medicine and in molecular biology research

organization of DNA and RNA molecules at different scales

type of regulatory sequence

sequence at the 3' end of messenger RNA that does not code for product

region of a messenger RNA

subtype of RNA involved in nucleic acids editing

chemical reaction involving the formation of sugars from formaldehyde

three-dimensional shape of a nucleic acid polymer

Orthornavirae is a kingdom of viruses that have genomes made of ribonucleic acid (RNA), including genes which encode an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). The RdRp is used to transcribe the viral RNA genome into messenger RNA (mRNA) and to replicate the genome. Viruses in this kingdom share a number of characteristics which promote rapid evolution, including high rates of genetic mutation, recombination, and reassortment.

'''Trans-splicing''' is a special form of RNA processing where exons from two different primary RNA transcripts are joined end to end and ligated. It is usually found in eukaryotes and mediated by the spliceosome, although some bacteria and archaea also have "half-genes" for tRNAs.

term

class of enzymes

RNA produced by transcription

class of enzymes

chemically modified messenger RNA

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