Theorists on Western civilization

Modern Enlightenment thinker, educator, philosopher, scholar, author, writer, journalist, translator, entrepreneur, and founder of Keio University in Japan's Meiji era (1835-1901)

Scottish philosopher (1694–1746)

British historian

American journalist (1957-)

French historian and philosopher (1884-1978)

French philosopher

Greek-French philosopher (1922–1997)

American science writer

German theologian, philosopher, and comparative religionist (1869-1937)

British historian and author

French historian (1919–1996)

American philosopher

American science fiction and fantasy author (1921–1975)

American political economist (1946–)

British author (1934–1995)

British-American philosopher and writer

German psychologist and philosopher (1872–1956)

Canadian professor of political economy (1894–1952)

German geographer and economist (1868–1958)

French philosopher

English comics and fiction writer (born 1968)

British historian

Canadian writer of political biography and history, an anarchist thinker, an essayist and literary critic (1912-1995)

American philosopher and historian (1912–2003)

American philosopher (1876–1957)

Canadian historian and writer (1917–2016)

Prussian Doctor (1849–1901)

American writer (1917-1960)

Spanish essayist and university professor

French philosopher (1924–2010)

American bishop (1931–2021)

American classicist and military historian

French anthropologist (1911-1998)

American historian (1910–1977)

French philosopher, writer and sociologist

British classical philologist (1903–1988)

British documentary filmmaker (born 1955)

Historian, author, and professor (1931-2018)

Singaporean diplomat

French historian (1895–1988)

French historian & academic (1923-2009)

Belgian philosopher

American historian (1923–2016)

American philosopher

Scottish-born Australian philosopher (1893–1962)

Marxist philosopher, social critic and journalist (1943–2012)

Greek political philosopher, economist and writer

American philosopher (1907-1977)

American historian, Thomas E. Donnelley Professor of Modern History and the College, University of Chicago (1942–2018)

British journalist, author, and broadcaster

American activist (1902–1995)

British historian (1928–2003)

American philosopher

British ethnologist and physician (1873-1940)

Australian philosopher

British anthropologist (1895–1936)

Canadian journalist, columnist and essayist

philosopher

Polish archaeologist

American philosopher