2nd century BC

Also known as Second century BCE, 2nd BCE, 2nd century B.C., 2nd-century BC, Second century BC, 2nd century B.C.E., 2nd century BCE

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The 2nd century BC refers to the period from 200 to 101 BC, a hundred-year span in ancient history. This era matters because major empires and civilizations—including Rome, China, and Greece—underwent significant changes that shaped the course of world history.

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Map of the Eastern Hemisphere in 200 BC, the beginning of the second century BC. Map of the world in 100 BC, the end of the second century BC. The 2nd century BC started the first day of 200 BC and ended the last day of 101 BC. It is considered part of the Classical era, although depending on the region being studied, other terms may be more suitable. It is also considered to be the end of the Axial Age. In the context of the Eastern Mediterranean, it is the mid-point of the Hellenistic period.

Fresh from its victories in the Second Punic War, the Roman Republic continued its expansion in the western Mediterranean, campaigning in the Iberian Peninsula throughout the century and annexing the North African coast after the destruction of the city of Carthage at the end of the Third Punic War. They became the dominant force in the Aegean by destroying Antigonid Macedonia in the Macedonian Wars and Corinth in the Achaean War. The Hellenistic kingdoms of Ptolemaic Egypt and Attalid Pergamon entered into subordinate relationships with the Romans – Pergamon was eventually annexed. The end of the century witnessed the evolution of the Roman army from a citizen army into a voluntary professional force, which later scholars would misattribute to putative reforms by noted general and statesman Gaius Marius (the so-called Marian Reforms).