Epipophyses

thumb|Skull and neck vertebrae of the abelisaurid [[theropod Carnotaurus with clearly visible epipophyses. In this genus, the epipophyses are greatly enlarged.]]

Epipophyses are bony projections of the cervical vertebrae found in archosauromorphs, particularly dinosaurs (including some basal birds). These paired processes sit above the postzygapophyses on the rear of the vertebral neural arch. Their morphology is variable and ranges from small, simple, hill-like elevations to large, complex, winglike projections. Epipophyses provided large attachment areas for several neck muscles; large epipophyses are therefore indicative of a strong neck musculature.