First Vatican Council
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The First Vatican Council was a major meeting of Catholic Church leaders held from 1869 to 1870 where bishops gathered to address theological and church matters. It is historically significant because it formally defined the doctrine of papal infallibility, establishing that the Pope cannot err when speaking on matters of faith and doctrine.
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The First Ecumenical Council of the Vatican, commonly known as the First Vatican Council or Vatican I, was the 20th ecumenical council of the Catholic Church, held three centuries after the preceding Council of Trent which was adjourned in 1563. The council was convoked by Pope Pius IX on 29 June 1868, under the rising threat of the Kingdom of Italy encroaching on the Papal States. It opened on 8 December 1869 and was adjourned on 20 September 1870 after the Italian Capture of Rome. Its best-known decision is its definition of papal infallibility.
The council's main purpose was to clarify Catholic doctrine in response to the rising influence of the modern philosophical trends of the 19th century. In the Dogmatic Constitution on the Catholic Faith (Dei Filius), the council condemned what it considered the errors of rationalism, anarchism, communism, socialism, liberalism, materialism, modernism, naturalism, pantheism, and secularism.
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1869 conferences1869 establishments in the Papal States1869 in Christianity1870 conferences1870 disestablishments1870 in Christianity19th-century Catholic Church councilsCatholic Church councils held in ItalyCatholic Church ecumenical councilsFirst Vatican CouncilPope Pius IXReligious organizations established in 1869