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四維矢量
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四維矢量

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In special relativity, a four-vector (or 4-vector, sometimes Lorentz vector) is an element of a four-dimensional vector space object with four components, which transform under Lorentz transformations with respect to a change of basis. Its magnitude is determined by an indefinite quadratic form, the preservation of which defines the Lorentz transformations, which include spatial rotations and boosts (a change by a constant velocity to another reference frame).

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在相對論裏,四維向量(four-vector)是實值四維向量空間裏的矢量。這四維向量空間稱為閔考斯基時空。四維向量的分量分別為在某個時間點與三維空間點的四個數量。在閔考斯基時空內的任何一點,都代表一個「事件」,可以用四維向量表示。從任意慣性參考系觀察某事件所獲得的四維向量,通過勞侖茲變換,可以變換為從其它慣性參考系觀察該事件所獲得的四維向量。 本文章只思考在狹義相對論範圍內的四維向量,儘管四維向量的概念延伸至廣義相對論。在本文章內寫出的一些結果,必須加以修改,才能在廣義相對論範圍內成立。

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